Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments
The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work,...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8419 |
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| author | Mikel Celaya-Echarri Leyre Azpilicueta Fidel Alejandro Rodríguez-Corbo Peio Lopez-Iturri Victoria Ramos Mohammad Alibakhshikenari Raed M. Shubair Francisco Falcone |
| author_facet | Mikel Celaya-Echarri Leyre Azpilicueta Fidel Alejandro Rodríguez-Corbo Peio Lopez-Iturri Victoria Ramos Mohammad Alibakhshikenari Raed M. Shubair Francisco Falcone |
| author_sort | Mikel Celaya-Echarri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provided in a public library study case, considering dense personal mobile communications (5G FR2 @28 GHz) and wireless 802.11ay (@60 GHz) data access services on the mmWave frequency range. By means of an enhanced in-house deterministic 3D ray launching (3D-RL) simulation tool for RF-EMF exposure assessment, different complex heterogenous scenarios of high complexity are assessed in realistic operation conditions, considering different user distributions and densities. The use of directive antennas and MIMO beamforming techniques, as well as all the corresponding features in terms of radio wave propagation, such as the body shielding effect, dispersive material properties of obstacles, the impact of the distribution of scatterers and the associated electromagnetic propagation phenomena, are considered for simulation. Discussion regarding the contribution and impact of the coexistence of multiple heterogeneous networks and services is presented, verifying compliance with the current established international regulation limits with exposure levels far below the aforementioned limits. Finally, the proposed simulation technique is validated with a complete empirical campaign of measurements, showing good agreement. In consequence, the obtained datasets and simulation estimations, along with the proposed RF-EMF simulation tool, could be a reference approach for the design, deployment and exposure assessment of the current and future wireless communication technologies on the mmWave spectrum, where massive high-node density heterogeneous networks are expected. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:09:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de2e6665d88f4c98be16927dc9225e05 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:09:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-de2e6665d88f4c98be16927dc9225e052023-11-23T10:31:15ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-12-012124841910.3390/s21248419Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous EnvironmentsMikel Celaya-Echarri0Leyre Azpilicueta1Fidel Alejandro Rodríguez-Corbo2Peio Lopez-Iturri3Victoria Ramos4Mohammad Alibakhshikenari5Raed M. Shubair6Francisco Falcone7School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, MexicoSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, MexicoSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, MexicoDepartment of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, SpainTelemedicine and Digital Health Research Unit, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, SpainThe densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provided in a public library study case, considering dense personal mobile communications (5G FR2 @28 GHz) and wireless 802.11ay (@60 GHz) data access services on the mmWave frequency range. By means of an enhanced in-house deterministic 3D ray launching (3D-RL) simulation tool for RF-EMF exposure assessment, different complex heterogenous scenarios of high complexity are assessed in realistic operation conditions, considering different user distributions and densities. The use of directive antennas and MIMO beamforming techniques, as well as all the corresponding features in terms of radio wave propagation, such as the body shielding effect, dispersive material properties of obstacles, the impact of the distribution of scatterers and the associated electromagnetic propagation phenomena, are considered for simulation. Discussion regarding the contribution and impact of the coexistence of multiple heterogeneous networks and services is presented, verifying compliance with the current established international regulation limits with exposure levels far below the aforementioned limits. Finally, the proposed simulation technique is validated with a complete empirical campaign of measurements, showing good agreement. In consequence, the obtained datasets and simulation estimations, along with the proposed RF-EMF simulation tool, could be a reference approach for the design, deployment and exposure assessment of the current and future wireless communication technologies on the mmWave spectrum, where massive high-node density heterogeneous networks are expected.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8419radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)mmWaveelectromagnetic safety3D ray launching (3D-RL)5G802.11ay |
| spellingShingle | Mikel Celaya-Echarri Leyre Azpilicueta Fidel Alejandro Rodríguez-Corbo Peio Lopez-Iturri Victoria Ramos Mohammad Alibakhshikenari Raed M. Shubair Francisco Falcone Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments Sensors radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) mmWave electromagnetic safety 3D ray launching (3D-RL) 5G 802.11ay |
| title | Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments |
| title_full | Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments |
| title_fullStr | Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments |
| title_short | Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments |
| title_sort | towards environmental rf emf assessment of mmwave high node density complex heterogeneous environments |
| topic | radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) mmWave electromagnetic safety 3D ray launching (3D-RL) 5G 802.11ay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8419 |
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