Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce
Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L., Asteraceae) is a popular vegetable leafy crop playing a relevant role in human nutrition. Nowadays, novel strategies are required to sustainably support plant growth and elicit the biosynthesis of bioactive molecules with functional roles in crops inclu...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/9/1822 |
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| author | Marco Armando De Gregorio Gökhan Zengin Fatma Nur Alp-Turgut Fevzi Elbasan Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci Busra Arikan Evren Yildiztugay Leilei Zhang Luigi Lucini |
| author_facet | Marco Armando De Gregorio Gökhan Zengin Fatma Nur Alp-Turgut Fevzi Elbasan Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci Busra Arikan Evren Yildiztugay Leilei Zhang Luigi Lucini |
| author_sort | Marco Armando De Gregorio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L., Asteraceae) is a popular vegetable leafy crop playing a relevant role in human nutrition. Nowadays, novel strategies are required to sustainably support plant growth and elicit the biosynthesis of bioactive molecules with functional roles in crops including lettuce. In this work, the polyphenolic profile of lettuce treated with glutamic acid (GA), humic acid (HA), and their combination (GA + HA) was investigated using an untargeted metabolomics phenolic profiling approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. Both aerial and root organ parts were considered, and a broad and diverse phenolic profile could be highlighted. The phenolic profile included flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavones, flavanols, and flavonols), phenolic acids (both hydroxycinnamics and hydroxybenzoics), low molecular weight phenolics (tyrosol equivalents), lignans and stilbenes. Overall, GA and HA treatments significantly modulated the biosynthesis of flavanols, lignans, low molecular weight phenolics, phenolic acids, and stilbene. Thereafter, antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro with 2,2-diphenyln-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. In addition, this study examined the inhibitory properties of enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase. Compared to individual treatments, the combination of GA + HA showed stronger antioxidant abilities in free radical scavenging and reducing power assays in root samples. Moreover, this combination positively influenced the inhibitory effects of root samples on AChE and BChE and the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of leaf samples. Concerning Pearson’s correlations, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were related to phenolic compounds, and lignans in particular correlated with radical scavenging activities. Overall, the tested elicitors could offer promising insights for enhancing the functional properties of lettuce in agricultural treatments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:10:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de2fad5354cb433890d087ba16a1bb97 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:10:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-de2fad5354cb433890d087ba16a1bb972023-11-17T23:32:12ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-04-01129182210.3390/plants12091822Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in LettuceMarco Armando De Gregorio0Gökhan Zengin1Fatma Nur Alp-Turgut2Fevzi Elbasan3Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci4Busra Arikan5Evren Yildiztugay6Leilei Zhang7Luigi Lucini8Department of Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, ItalyDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, 42090 Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, TurkeyDepartment of Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, ItalyDepartment of Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, ItalyLettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L., Asteraceae) is a popular vegetable leafy crop playing a relevant role in human nutrition. Nowadays, novel strategies are required to sustainably support plant growth and elicit the biosynthesis of bioactive molecules with functional roles in crops including lettuce. In this work, the polyphenolic profile of lettuce treated with glutamic acid (GA), humic acid (HA), and their combination (GA + HA) was investigated using an untargeted metabolomics phenolic profiling approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. Both aerial and root organ parts were considered, and a broad and diverse phenolic profile could be highlighted. The phenolic profile included flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavones, flavanols, and flavonols), phenolic acids (both hydroxycinnamics and hydroxybenzoics), low molecular weight phenolics (tyrosol equivalents), lignans and stilbenes. Overall, GA and HA treatments significantly modulated the biosynthesis of flavanols, lignans, low molecular weight phenolics, phenolic acids, and stilbene. Thereafter, antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro with 2,2-diphenyln-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. In addition, this study examined the inhibitory properties of enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase. Compared to individual treatments, the combination of GA + HA showed stronger antioxidant abilities in free radical scavenging and reducing power assays in root samples. Moreover, this combination positively influenced the inhibitory effects of root samples on AChE and BChE and the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of leaf samples. Concerning Pearson’s correlations, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were related to phenolic compounds, and lignans in particular correlated with radical scavenging activities. Overall, the tested elicitors could offer promising insights for enhancing the functional properties of lettuce in agricultural treatments.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/9/1822lettuceantioxidantmetabolomicsenzyme inhibitionfunctional applications |
| spellingShingle | Marco Armando De Gregorio Gökhan Zengin Fatma Nur Alp-Turgut Fevzi Elbasan Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci Busra Arikan Evren Yildiztugay Leilei Zhang Luigi Lucini Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce Plants lettuce antioxidant metabolomics enzyme inhibition functional applications |
| title | Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce |
| title_full | Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce |
| title_fullStr | Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce |
| title_short | Glutamate, Humic Acids and Their Combination Modulate the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Traits, and Enzyme-Inhibition Properties in Lettuce |
| title_sort | glutamate humic acids and their combination modulate the phenolic profile antioxidant traits and enzyme inhibition properties in lettuce |
| topic | lettuce antioxidant metabolomics enzyme inhibition functional applications |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/9/1822 |
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