Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites
Due to its inferior properties, oil palm wood (OPW) extracted from the inner layer of the oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>) trunk, referred as inner OPW in this study, is frequently regarded as a waste. Phenolic resin treatment and lamination of inner OPW with other hardwoods may be an...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/1/83 |
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| author | Wan Nabilah Ahamad Sabiha Salim Seng Hua Lee Muhammad Aizat Abdul Ghani Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali Paridah Md Tahir Widya Fatriasari Petar Antov Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis |
| author_facet | Wan Nabilah Ahamad Sabiha Salim Seng Hua Lee Muhammad Aizat Abdul Ghani Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali Paridah Md Tahir Widya Fatriasari Petar Antov Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis |
| author_sort | Wan Nabilah Ahamad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to its inferior properties, oil palm wood (OPW) extracted from the inner layer of the oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>) trunk, referred as inner OPW in this study, is frequently regarded as a waste. Phenolic resin treatment and lamination of inner OPW with other hardwoods may be an excellent way to improve the properties of the inner OPW. In this study, inner OPW were treated with two different concentrations (15% and 20%) of low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin (LmwPF) and compressed at different compression ratios (10%, 20%, and 30%). The physical and mechanical properties of the modified inner OPW’s were evaluated according to British Standards (BS) 373: 1957. The results revealed that inner OPW treated with the highest compression ratio (30%) and resin concentration (20%) exhibited the highest weight percent gain, polymer retention and density. In the following phase of the research, the treated inner OPW was used as the core layer in the fabrication of a three-layer laminated compreg hybrid composites, with untreated and treated sesenduk (<i>Endospermum diadenum</i>) wood serving as the face and back layers. The compression ratios of 10% and 20% and resin concentrations of 10% and 20% were used in this phase of study as laminated boards made with 30% compression ratio failed. The findings showed that resin concentration had a significant impact on both the inner OPW and the laminated compreg hybrid panels. Markedly, higher resin concentrations (20%) resulted in improved physical properties, i.e., thickness swelling and water absorption, as well as enhanced mechanical properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity). Although compression ratios had no significant effect on the properties of the laminated products, those compressed at higher compression ratios (20%) performed slightly better than the panels compressed at lower compression ratios (10%). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:42:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de3e1fc0d751465daba3036242c57e69 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:42:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-de3e1fc0d751465daba3036242c57e692023-11-30T22:17:30ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072023-01-011418310.3390/f14010083Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood CompositesWan Nabilah Ahamad0Sabiha Salim1Seng Hua Lee2Muhammad Aizat Abdul Ghani3Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali4Paridah Md Tahir5Widya Fatriasari6Petar Antov7Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis8Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pahang Kampus Jengka, Bandar Tun Razak 26400, Pahang, MalaysiaFaculty of Tropical Forestry, University Malaysia Sabah, Pantai UMS, Jalan Masjid, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaResearch Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, IndonesiaFaculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, BulgariaResearch Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, IndonesiaDue to its inferior properties, oil palm wood (OPW) extracted from the inner layer of the oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>) trunk, referred as inner OPW in this study, is frequently regarded as a waste. Phenolic resin treatment and lamination of inner OPW with other hardwoods may be an excellent way to improve the properties of the inner OPW. In this study, inner OPW were treated with two different concentrations (15% and 20%) of low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin (LmwPF) and compressed at different compression ratios (10%, 20%, and 30%). The physical and mechanical properties of the modified inner OPW’s were evaluated according to British Standards (BS) 373: 1957. The results revealed that inner OPW treated with the highest compression ratio (30%) and resin concentration (20%) exhibited the highest weight percent gain, polymer retention and density. In the following phase of the research, the treated inner OPW was used as the core layer in the fabrication of a three-layer laminated compreg hybrid composites, with untreated and treated sesenduk (<i>Endospermum diadenum</i>) wood serving as the face and back layers. The compression ratios of 10% and 20% and resin concentrations of 10% and 20% were used in this phase of study as laminated boards made with 30% compression ratio failed. The findings showed that resin concentration had a significant impact on both the inner OPW and the laminated compreg hybrid panels. Markedly, higher resin concentrations (20%) resulted in improved physical properties, i.e., thickness swelling and water absorption, as well as enhanced mechanical properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity). Although compression ratios had no significant effect on the properties of the laminated products, those compressed at higher compression ratios (20%) performed slightly better than the panels compressed at lower compression ratios (10%).https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/1/83oil palm trunk<i>Endospermum diadenum</i>phenolic resincompregnationcompression ratioresin concentration |
| spellingShingle | Wan Nabilah Ahamad Sabiha Salim Seng Hua Lee Muhammad Aizat Abdul Ghani Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali Paridah Md Tahir Widya Fatriasari Petar Antov Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites Forests oil palm trunk <i>Endospermum diadenum</i> phenolic resin compregnation compression ratio resin concentration |
| title | Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites |
| title_full | Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites |
| title_short | Effects of Compression Ratio and Phenolic Resin Concentration on the Properties of Laminated Compreg Inner Oil Palm and Sesenduk Wood Composites |
| title_sort | effects of compression ratio and phenolic resin concentration on the properties of laminated compreg inner oil palm and sesenduk wood composites |
| topic | oil palm trunk <i>Endospermum diadenum</i> phenolic resin compregnation compression ratio resin concentration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/1/83 |
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