Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission
The economic exploitation of unconventional gas and oil in deep shale relies closely on effective hydraulic fracturing stimulations. However, the fracturing operations of deep shale reservoirs face challenges of insufficient fracture growth and a rapid decline in productivity due to the increasing i...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7270 |
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| author | Peng Guo Xiao Li Shouding Li Tianqiao Mao |
| author_facet | Peng Guo Xiao Li Shouding Li Tianqiao Mao |
| author_sort | Peng Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The economic exploitation of unconventional gas and oil in deep shale relies closely on effective hydraulic fracturing stimulations. However, the fracturing operations of deep shale reservoirs face challenges of insufficient fracture growth and a rapid decline in productivity due to the increasing in situ stress level. In addition, the shale strata on the margin of the Sichuan Basin are frequently folded and faulted, and the change in bedding inclinations significantly complicates the process of hydraulic fracturing. The investigation of the combined effect of the in situ stress level and bedding anisotropy on the hydraulic fracture configuration is vital for fracturing engineering design. To analyze this, we conducted hydraulic fracturing tests on shale cores to simulate the hydraulic fracture initiation and growth from a horizontally positioned perforation. By using acoustic emission detection and CT scans, the influence of natural stress levels and the angle of the shale’s bedding on the process of hydraulic fracturing in shale and the resulting fracture geometry were analyzed. The results showed that the area of hydraulic fracture under a higher stress level (σ<sub>1</sub> = 50 MPa, σ<sub>3</sub> = 40 MPa) was about 13%~23% smaller than that created under the lower stress level (σ<sub>1</sub> = 30 MPa, σ<sub>3</sub> = 20 MPa) when the bedding angle was smaller than 60°. With the increase in bedding angle, the curves of the fracture area and fracture network index under two different stress levels presented similar decreasing trends. Also, the time from micro-crack generation to sample breakdown was significantly reduced when the bedding orientation changed from the horizontal to vertical position. The increasing stress level significantly increased the breakdown pressure. In particular, the fracturing of shale samples with bedding angles of 0° and 30° required a higher fluid pressure and released more energy than samples with larger bedding inclinations. Additionally, the measurement of the sample radial deformation indicated that the hydraulic fracture opening extent was reduced by about 46%~81% with the increasing stress level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:31:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de4bd20e0b894c0ba29113c634e31a81 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:31:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-de4bd20e0b894c0ba29113c634e31a812023-11-10T15:02:01ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-10-011621727010.3390/en16217270Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic EmissionPeng Guo0Xiao Li1Shouding Li2Tianqiao Mao3Institute of Energy, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaInstitute of Energy, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaKey Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaKey Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaThe economic exploitation of unconventional gas and oil in deep shale relies closely on effective hydraulic fracturing stimulations. However, the fracturing operations of deep shale reservoirs face challenges of insufficient fracture growth and a rapid decline in productivity due to the increasing in situ stress level. In addition, the shale strata on the margin of the Sichuan Basin are frequently folded and faulted, and the change in bedding inclinations significantly complicates the process of hydraulic fracturing. The investigation of the combined effect of the in situ stress level and bedding anisotropy on the hydraulic fracture configuration is vital for fracturing engineering design. To analyze this, we conducted hydraulic fracturing tests on shale cores to simulate the hydraulic fracture initiation and growth from a horizontally positioned perforation. By using acoustic emission detection and CT scans, the influence of natural stress levels and the angle of the shale’s bedding on the process of hydraulic fracturing in shale and the resulting fracture geometry were analyzed. The results showed that the area of hydraulic fracture under a higher stress level (σ<sub>1</sub> = 50 MPa, σ<sub>3</sub> = 40 MPa) was about 13%~23% smaller than that created under the lower stress level (σ<sub>1</sub> = 30 MPa, σ<sub>3</sub> = 20 MPa) when the bedding angle was smaller than 60°. With the increase in bedding angle, the curves of the fracture area and fracture network index under two different stress levels presented similar decreasing trends. Also, the time from micro-crack generation to sample breakdown was significantly reduced when the bedding orientation changed from the horizontal to vertical position. The increasing stress level significantly increased the breakdown pressure. In particular, the fracturing of shale samples with bedding angles of 0° and 30° required a higher fluid pressure and released more energy than samples with larger bedding inclinations. Additionally, the measurement of the sample radial deformation indicated that the hydraulic fracture opening extent was reduced by about 46%~81% with the increasing stress level.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7270in situ stress levelbedding anisotropyhydraulic fracture growthCT scansacoustic emission |
| spellingShingle | Peng Guo Xiao Li Shouding Li Tianqiao Mao Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission Energies in situ stress level bedding anisotropy hydraulic fracture growth CT scans acoustic emission |
| title | Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission |
| title_full | Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission |
| title_fullStr | Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission |
| title_short | Combined Effect of In Situ Stress Level and Bedding Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Vertical Growth in Deep Marine Shale Revealed via CT Scans and Acoustic Emission |
| title_sort | combined effect of in situ stress level and bedding anisotropy on hydraulic fracture vertical growth in deep marine shale revealed via ct scans and acoustic emission |
| topic | in situ stress level bedding anisotropy hydraulic fracture growth CT scans acoustic emission |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7270 |
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