Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common abiotic stress on plants growing in calcareous soils where low organic matter content, high carbonate–bicarbonate concentration, and high pH precipitate Fe in unavailable forms. Enzymatic activity is a mechanism for plants to access soil nutrients; enzymes such as H&...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/6/630 |
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| author | Fabián Pérez-Labrada Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza Antonio Juárez-Maldonado Susana Solís-Gaona Susana González-Morales |
| author_facet | Fabián Pérez-Labrada Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza Antonio Juárez-Maldonado Susana Solís-Gaona Susana González-Morales |
| author_sort | Fabián Pérez-Labrada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common abiotic stress on plants growing in calcareous soils where low organic matter content, high carbonate–bicarbonate concentration, and high pH precipitate Fe in unavailable forms. Enzymatic activity is a mechanism for plants to access soil nutrients; enzymes such as H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and the intracellular enzyme ferric reduction oxidase (FRO) are involved in Fe absorption. The effects of the application of citric acid (CA) and humic-like substances (HLS) on the yield, H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase, PEPC, and FRO enzyme activity, and expression of <i>LeHA1</i>, <i>LePEPC1</i>, and <i>LeFRO1</i> genes in tomato plants grown under calcareous soil were studied. CA and HLS improved the SPAD units and increased the number of harvested fruits and yield per plant. Temporary alterations in enzyme activity, which reduced PEPC and FRO activity in roots, were documented. In leaf tissue, CA resulted in lower expression of <i>LeHA1</i> and <i>LePEPC1</i> and the induction of <i>LeFRO1</i> expression, whereas HLS application resulted in higher expression of <i>LePEPC1</i> and <i>LeFRO1</i>. In roots, <i>LeHA1</i> expression increased with HLS, whereas <i>LePEPC1</i> and <i>LeFRO1</i> showed lower expression with CA and HLS, respectively. The application of CA and HLS through a nutrient solution in combination with Fe-chelate can improve Fe nutrition in tomato plants potted in calcareous soil by inducing temporal alterations in PEPC and FRO enzyme activity and <i>LeFRO1</i> and <i>LeHA1</i> gene expression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:23:55Z |
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| id | doaj.art-de51b2a6b90549a3aee2e36ce7845167 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:23:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-de51b2a6b90549a3aee2e36ce78451672023-11-18T10:40:26ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-05-019663010.3390/horticulturae9060630Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato PlantsFabián Pérez-Labrada0Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza1Antonio Juárez-Maldonado2Susana Solís-Gaona3Susana González-Morales4Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, MexicoDepartamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, MexicoDepartamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, MexicoUnited Phosphorus Limited, UPL, Saltillo 25290, MexicoDepartamento de Horticultura, CONAHCyT-Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, MexicoIron (Fe) deficiency is a common abiotic stress on plants growing in calcareous soils where low organic matter content, high carbonate–bicarbonate concentration, and high pH precipitate Fe in unavailable forms. Enzymatic activity is a mechanism for plants to access soil nutrients; enzymes such as H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and the intracellular enzyme ferric reduction oxidase (FRO) are involved in Fe absorption. The effects of the application of citric acid (CA) and humic-like substances (HLS) on the yield, H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase, PEPC, and FRO enzyme activity, and expression of <i>LeHA1</i>, <i>LePEPC1</i>, and <i>LeFRO1</i> genes in tomato plants grown under calcareous soil were studied. CA and HLS improved the SPAD units and increased the number of harvested fruits and yield per plant. Temporary alterations in enzyme activity, which reduced PEPC and FRO activity in roots, were documented. In leaf tissue, CA resulted in lower expression of <i>LeHA1</i> and <i>LePEPC1</i> and the induction of <i>LeFRO1</i> expression, whereas HLS application resulted in higher expression of <i>LePEPC1</i> and <i>LeFRO1</i>. In roots, <i>LeHA1</i> expression increased with HLS, whereas <i>LePEPC1</i> and <i>LeFRO1</i> showed lower expression with CA and HLS, respectively. The application of CA and HLS through a nutrient solution in combination with Fe-chelate can improve Fe nutrition in tomato plants potted in calcareous soil by inducing temporal alterations in PEPC and FRO enzyme activity and <i>LeFRO1</i> and <i>LeHA1</i> gene expression.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/6/630ferric chelate reductaseH<sup>+</sup>-ATPasehumic acidphosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase |
| spellingShingle | Fabián Pérez-Labrada Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza Antonio Juárez-Maldonado Susana Solís-Gaona Susana González-Morales Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants Horticulturae ferric chelate reductase H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase humic acid phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase |
| title | Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants |
| title_full | Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants |
| title_short | Effects of Citric Acid and Humic-like Substances on Yield, Enzyme Activities, and Expression of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake in Tomato Plants |
| title_sort | effects of citric acid and humic like substances on yield enzyme activities and expression of genes involved in iron uptake in tomato plants |
| topic | ferric chelate reductase H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase humic acid phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/6/630 |
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