Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials
We compared the changes of selected immune parameters of <i>Porcellio scaber</i> to different stressors. The animals were either fed for two weeks with Au nanoparticles (NPs), CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, or Au ions or body-injected with Au NPs, CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, or li...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/4/934 |
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| author | Craig Mayall Andraz Dolar Anita Jemec Kokalj Sara Novak Jaka Razinger Francesco Barbero Victor Puntes Damjana Drobne |
| author_facet | Craig Mayall Andraz Dolar Anita Jemec Kokalj Sara Novak Jaka Razinger Francesco Barbero Victor Puntes Damjana Drobne |
| author_sort | Craig Mayall |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We compared the changes of selected immune parameters of <i>Porcellio scaber</i> to different stressors. The animals were either fed for two weeks with Au nanoparticles (NPs), CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, or Au ions or body-injected with Au NPs, CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Contrary to expectations, the feeding experiment showed that both NPs caused a significant increase in the total haemocyte count (THC). In contrast, the ion-positive control resulted in a significantly decreased THC. Additionally, changes in phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity, haemocyte viability, and nitric oxide (NO) levels seemed to depend on the stressor. Injection experiments also showed stressor-dependant changes in measured parameters, such as CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), caused more significant responses than Au NPs. These results show that feeding and injection of NPs caused an immune response and that the response differed significantly, depending on the exposure route. We did not expect the response to ingested NPs, due to the low exposure concentrations (100 μg/g dry weight food) and a firm gut epithelia, along with a lack of phagocytosis in the digestive system, which would theoretically prevent NPs from crossing the biological barrier. It remains a challenge for future research to reveal what the physiological and ecological significance is for the organism to sense and respond, via the immune system, to ingested foreign material. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:35:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de86a27799e74e9489d08b15d2573130 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:35:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-de86a27799e74e9489d08b15d25731302023-11-21T14:23:13ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-04-0111493410.3390/nano11040934Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on NanomaterialsCraig Mayall0Andraz Dolar1Anita Jemec Kokalj2Sara Novak3Jaka Razinger4Francesco Barbero5Victor Puntes6Damjana Drobne7Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaPlant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainInstitut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaWe compared the changes of selected immune parameters of <i>Porcellio scaber</i> to different stressors. The animals were either fed for two weeks with Au nanoparticles (NPs), CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, or Au ions or body-injected with Au NPs, CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Contrary to expectations, the feeding experiment showed that both NPs caused a significant increase in the total haemocyte count (THC). In contrast, the ion-positive control resulted in a significantly decreased THC. Additionally, changes in phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity, haemocyte viability, and nitric oxide (NO) levels seemed to depend on the stressor. Injection experiments also showed stressor-dependant changes in measured parameters, such as CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), caused more significant responses than Au NPs. These results show that feeding and injection of NPs caused an immune response and that the response differed significantly, depending on the exposure route. We did not expect the response to ingested NPs, due to the low exposure concentrations (100 μg/g dry weight food) and a firm gut epithelia, along with a lack of phagocytosis in the digestive system, which would theoretically prevent NPs from crossing the biological barrier. It remains a challenge for future research to reveal what the physiological and ecological significance is for the organism to sense and respond, via the immune system, to ingested foreign material.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/4/934gold nanoparticlescerium nanoparticleswoodliceimmune responsehaemocyte |
| spellingShingle | Craig Mayall Andraz Dolar Anita Jemec Kokalj Sara Novak Jaka Razinger Francesco Barbero Victor Puntes Damjana Drobne Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials Nanomaterials gold nanoparticles cerium nanoparticles woodlice immune response haemocyte |
| title | Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials |
| title_full | Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials |
| title_fullStr | Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials |
| title_short | Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>: A Focus on Nanomaterials |
| title_sort | stressor dependant changes in immune parameters in the terrestrial isopod crustacean i porcellio scaber i a focus on nanomaterials |
| topic | gold nanoparticles cerium nanoparticles woodlice immune response haemocyte |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/4/934 |
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