Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model
Chlorpyrifos (CP), a widely used pesticide, and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (3,5,6-TCP), are xenobiotic compounds detected in many biomes, notably in marine sediments, all over the world. These compounds are posing a serious environmental and health problem given their toxicity to wil...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/10/2019 |
| _version_ | 1797471105429012480 |
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| author | Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado Howard Junca Claudia Consuegra-Mayor |
| author_facet | Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado Howard Junca Claudia Consuegra-Mayor |
| author_sort | Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chlorpyrifos (CP), a widely used pesticide, and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (3,5,6-TCP), are xenobiotic compounds detected in many biomes, notably in marine sediments, all over the world. These compounds are posing a serious environmental and health problem given their toxicity to wildlife and possible exposure effects to human neurodevelopment. Microorganisms at CP-impacted environments could harbor metabolic capabilities that can be used as indicators of the biological effects of the contaminant and could encode selected functions reactive against contaminants. Those features could be used for microbial ecotoxicology applications by collectively using analytical, enzymatic, microbiological and toxicological techniques in order to assess the biological effects of pollutants and other environmental/climatic stressors in ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess the variability in the metabolic responses of yeast isolates from CP-contaminated marine sediments as potential biological indicators for microbial ecotoxicology testing. Sediment samples from a South Caribbean tropical shore (Cartagena Bay, Colombia) were collected, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was recovered from lyophilized aliquots. The DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) technique targeting fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) showed the great diversity of fungal types. Simultaneously, yeast strains were isolated from the freshly collected sediment samples. Physiological characterization including API 20C and antibiosis tests, growth patterns at salt concentrations (2/4/10/25%), temperatures (4/25/37/45 °C), esterase activity assay and resistance tests to CP/TCP toxicity resulted in 10 isolated yeast strains, identified as <i>Candida</i> spp. (6), <i>Cryptococcus</i> spp. (3). and <i>Rhodotorula</i> spp. (1), showing promising characteristics to be used as a test for yeast-based ecotoxicity indicators. The patterns of carbohydrate assimilation, low antibiosis, presence of esterases/lipases, growth in a wide range of temperatures and salt concentrations, and tolerance to minimal inhibitory concentrations of CP and TCP are factors useful for testing environmental samples. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:44:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de896f88f4ab418db4be6d2a60d0a1a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:44:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-de896f88f4ab418db4be6d2a60d0a1a62023-11-24T01:27:06ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-10-011010201910.3390/microorganisms10102019Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a ModelGustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo0Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado1Howard Junca2Claudia Consuegra-Mayor3Grupo GIMA, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena 130010, ColombiaGrupo GIA, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130027, ColombiaMicrobiomas Foundation, LT11A, Chía 280004, ColombiaGrupo GIMA, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena 130010, ColombiaChlorpyrifos (CP), a widely used pesticide, and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (3,5,6-TCP), are xenobiotic compounds detected in many biomes, notably in marine sediments, all over the world. These compounds are posing a serious environmental and health problem given their toxicity to wildlife and possible exposure effects to human neurodevelopment. Microorganisms at CP-impacted environments could harbor metabolic capabilities that can be used as indicators of the biological effects of the contaminant and could encode selected functions reactive against contaminants. Those features could be used for microbial ecotoxicology applications by collectively using analytical, enzymatic, microbiological and toxicological techniques in order to assess the biological effects of pollutants and other environmental/climatic stressors in ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess the variability in the metabolic responses of yeast isolates from CP-contaminated marine sediments as potential biological indicators for microbial ecotoxicology testing. Sediment samples from a South Caribbean tropical shore (Cartagena Bay, Colombia) were collected, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was recovered from lyophilized aliquots. The DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) technique targeting fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) showed the great diversity of fungal types. Simultaneously, yeast strains were isolated from the freshly collected sediment samples. Physiological characterization including API 20C and antibiosis tests, growth patterns at salt concentrations (2/4/10/25%), temperatures (4/25/37/45 °C), esterase activity assay and resistance tests to CP/TCP toxicity resulted in 10 isolated yeast strains, identified as <i>Candida</i> spp. (6), <i>Cryptococcus</i> spp. (3). and <i>Rhodotorula</i> spp. (1), showing promising characteristics to be used as a test for yeast-based ecotoxicity indicators. The patterns of carbohydrate assimilation, low antibiosis, presence of esterases/lipases, growth in a wide range of temperatures and salt concentrations, and tolerance to minimal inhibitory concentrations of CP and TCP are factors useful for testing environmental samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/10/2019ChlorpyrifosTCP metabolitepollutionmarine yeastsmicrobial ecotoxicologymicrobiological techniques |
| spellingShingle | Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado Howard Junca Claudia Consuegra-Mayor Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model Microorganisms Chlorpyrifos TCP metabolite pollution marine yeasts microbial ecotoxicology microbiological techniques |
| title | Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model |
| title_full | Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model |
| title_fullStr | Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model |
| title_short | Towards the Development of Microbial Ecotoxicology Testing Using Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Sediments and Marine Yeast Isolates as a Model |
| title_sort | towards the development of microbial ecotoxicology testing using chlorpyrifos contaminated sediments and marine yeast isolates as a model |
| topic | Chlorpyrifos TCP metabolite pollution marine yeasts microbial ecotoxicology microbiological techniques |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/10/2019 |
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