Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance
Balance during stance is regulated by active control mechanisms that continuously estimate body motion, via a “sensory integration” mechanism, and generate corrective actions, via a “sensory-to-motor transformation” mechanism. The balance control system can be modeled as a closed-loop feedback contr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.01045/full |
| _version_ | 1818383418122043392 |
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| author | Robert J. Peterka Robert J. Peterka Charles F. Murchison Lucy Parrington Peter C. Fino Laurie A. King |
| author_facet | Robert J. Peterka Robert J. Peterka Charles F. Murchison Lucy Parrington Peter C. Fino Laurie A. King |
| author_sort | Robert J. Peterka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Balance during stance is regulated by active control mechanisms that continuously estimate body motion, via a “sensory integration” mechanism, and generate corrective actions, via a “sensory-to-motor transformation” mechanism. The balance control system can be modeled as a closed-loop feedback control system for which appropriate system identification methods are available to separately quantify the sensory integration and sensory-to-motor components of the system. A detailed, functionally meaningful characterization of balance control mechanisms has potential to improve clinical assessment and to provide useful tools for answering clinical research questions. However, many researchers and clinicians do not have the background to develop systems and methods appropriate for performing identification of balance control mechanisms. The purpose of this report is to provide detailed information on how to perform what we refer to as “central sensorimotor integration” (CSMI) tests on a commercially available balance test device (SMART EquiTest CRS, Natus Medical Inc, Seattle WA) and then to appropriately analyze and interpret results obtained from these tests. We describe methods to (1) generate pseudorandom stimuli that apply cyclically-repeated rotations of the stance surface and/or visual surround (2) measure and calibrate center-of-mass (CoM) body sway, (3) calculate frequency response functions (FRFs) that quantify the dynamic characteristics of stimulus-evoked CoM sway, (4) estimate balance control parameters that quantify sensory integration by measuring the relative contribution of different sensory systems to balance control (i.e., sensory weights), and (5) estimate balance control parameters that quantify sensory-to-motor transformation properties (i.e., feedback time delay and neural controller stiffness and damping parameters). Additionally, we present CSMI test results from 40 subjects (age range 21–59 years) with normal sensory function, 2 subjects with results illustrating deviations from normal balance function, and we summarize results from previous studies in subjects with vestibular deficits. A bootstrap analysis was used to characterize confidence limits on parameters from CSMI tests and to determine how test duration affected the confidence with which parameters can be measured. Finally, example results are presented that illustrate how various sensory and central balance deficits are revealed by CSMI testing. |
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| id | doaj.art-de9d12ff300f4908b89b28f6c9d7c72b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T03:06:03Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-de9d12ff300f4908b89b28f6c9d7c72b2022-12-21T23:19:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952018-12-01910.3389/fneur.2018.01045413696Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During StanceRobert J. Peterka0Robert J. Peterka1Charles F. Murchison2Lucy Parrington3Peter C. Fino4Laurie A. King5Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United StatesNational Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United StatesBalance during stance is regulated by active control mechanisms that continuously estimate body motion, via a “sensory integration” mechanism, and generate corrective actions, via a “sensory-to-motor transformation” mechanism. The balance control system can be modeled as a closed-loop feedback control system for which appropriate system identification methods are available to separately quantify the sensory integration and sensory-to-motor components of the system. A detailed, functionally meaningful characterization of balance control mechanisms has potential to improve clinical assessment and to provide useful tools for answering clinical research questions. However, many researchers and clinicians do not have the background to develop systems and methods appropriate for performing identification of balance control mechanisms. The purpose of this report is to provide detailed information on how to perform what we refer to as “central sensorimotor integration” (CSMI) tests on a commercially available balance test device (SMART EquiTest CRS, Natus Medical Inc, Seattle WA) and then to appropriately analyze and interpret results obtained from these tests. We describe methods to (1) generate pseudorandom stimuli that apply cyclically-repeated rotations of the stance surface and/or visual surround (2) measure and calibrate center-of-mass (CoM) body sway, (3) calculate frequency response functions (FRFs) that quantify the dynamic characteristics of stimulus-evoked CoM sway, (4) estimate balance control parameters that quantify sensory integration by measuring the relative contribution of different sensory systems to balance control (i.e., sensory weights), and (5) estimate balance control parameters that quantify sensory-to-motor transformation properties (i.e., feedback time delay and neural controller stiffness and damping parameters). Additionally, we present CSMI test results from 40 subjects (age range 21–59 years) with normal sensory function, 2 subjects with results illustrating deviations from normal balance function, and we summarize results from previous studies in subjects with vestibular deficits. A bootstrap analysis was used to characterize confidence limits on parameters from CSMI tests and to determine how test duration affected the confidence with which parameters can be measured. Finally, example results are presented that illustrate how various sensory and central balance deficits are revealed by CSMI testing.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.01045/fullbalancebalance controlorientationsensory integrationsensorimotorsystem identification |
| spellingShingle | Robert J. Peterka Robert J. Peterka Charles F. Murchison Lucy Parrington Peter C. Fino Laurie A. King Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance Frontiers in Neurology balance balance control orientation sensory integration sensorimotor system identification |
| title | Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance |
| title_full | Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance |
| title_fullStr | Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance |
| title_short | Implementation of a Central Sensorimotor Integration Test for Characterization of Human Balance Control During Stance |
| title_sort | implementation of a central sensorimotor integration test for characterization of human balance control during stance |
| topic | balance balance control orientation sensory integration sensorimotor system identification |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.01045/full |
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