Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil
In this study, we analyzed the hydrogeochemistry of 350 underground wells in the northern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, for water-chemical parameters that may contribute to the chemical clogging of emitters in drip irrigation systems. Risk class maps were generated for each parameter,...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/4/790 |
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| author | Gustavo Lopes Muniz Agda Loureiro Gonçalves Oliveira Maria Geralda Benedito Nicolás Duarte Cano Antonio Pires de Camargo Ariovaldo José da Silva |
| author_facet | Gustavo Lopes Muniz Agda Loureiro Gonçalves Oliveira Maria Geralda Benedito Nicolás Duarte Cano Antonio Pires de Camargo Ariovaldo José da Silva |
| author_sort | Gustavo Lopes Muniz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we analyzed the hydrogeochemistry of 350 underground wells in the northern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, for water-chemical parameters that may contribute to the chemical clogging of emitters in drip irrigation systems. Risk class maps were generated for each parameter, and the area was classified based on the water characteristics, considering the degree of water-use restriction in micro-irrigation (i.e., no, moderate, and severe restriction). Inverse distance-weighted, random forest, and ordinary kriging methods were used as interpolation methods. Moreover, a multivariate analysis was conducted to analyze the results. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a strong and significant correlation between pH and carbonates, hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) and between TDS and EC. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the variations in the water quality of the wells could be explained by water–rock interactions with the consequent dissolution of minerals. The principal components were natural sources of ionic salt groups, dissolution of minerals rich in alkaline cations, chemical weathering of iron–magnesium minerals, and increased pH with the conversion of bicarbonates into carbonates. In the parameter cluster analysis, three possible mechanisms that contribute to emitter clogging in the study area were identified: precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts; oxidation of iron and manganese ions forming oxides and insoluble hydroxides; an increase in pH, which converts bicarbonates into carbonates. Clustering analysis revealed the wells that are susceptible to clogging with the exact cause. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:00:10Z |
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| id | doaj.art-dea576ea98db406799ee014169acc9e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:00:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-dea576ea98db406799ee014169acc9e12023-11-16T23:53:32ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-02-0115479010.3390/w15040790Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, BrazilGustavo Lopes Muniz0Agda Loureiro Gonçalves Oliveira1Maria Geralda Benedito2Nicolás Duarte Cano3Antonio Pires de Camargo4Ariovaldo José da Silva5Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, BrazilFaculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, BrazilCompanhia de Desenvolvimento dos Vales do São Francisco e do Parnaíba (CODEVASF), Montes Claros 39400-292, MG, BrazilFaculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, BrazilFaculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, BrazilFaculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, BrazilIn this study, we analyzed the hydrogeochemistry of 350 underground wells in the northern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, for water-chemical parameters that may contribute to the chemical clogging of emitters in drip irrigation systems. Risk class maps were generated for each parameter, and the area was classified based on the water characteristics, considering the degree of water-use restriction in micro-irrigation (i.e., no, moderate, and severe restriction). Inverse distance-weighted, random forest, and ordinary kriging methods were used as interpolation methods. Moreover, a multivariate analysis was conducted to analyze the results. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a strong and significant correlation between pH and carbonates, hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) and between TDS and EC. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the variations in the water quality of the wells could be explained by water–rock interactions with the consequent dissolution of minerals. The principal components were natural sources of ionic salt groups, dissolution of minerals rich in alkaline cations, chemical weathering of iron–magnesium minerals, and increased pH with the conversion of bicarbonates into carbonates. In the parameter cluster analysis, three possible mechanisms that contribute to emitter clogging in the study area were identified: precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts; oxidation of iron and manganese ions forming oxides and insoluble hydroxides; an increase in pH, which converts bicarbonates into carbonates. Clustering analysis revealed the wells that are susceptible to clogging with the exact cause.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/4/790hard waterhydrogeochemistrymicro-irrigationprincipal componentsclustering |
| spellingShingle | Gustavo Lopes Muniz Agda Loureiro Gonçalves Oliveira Maria Geralda Benedito Nicolás Duarte Cano Antonio Pires de Camargo Ariovaldo José da Silva Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil Water hard water hydrogeochemistry micro-irrigation principal components clustering |
| title | Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| title_full | Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| title_fullStr | Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| title_short | Risk Evaluation of Chemical Clogging of Irrigation Emitters via Geostatistics and Multivariate Analysis in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| title_sort | risk evaluation of chemical clogging of irrigation emitters via geostatistics and multivariate analysis in the northern region of minas gerais brazil |
| topic | hard water hydrogeochemistry micro-irrigation principal components clustering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/4/790 |
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