Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map
Frost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecoverable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/8/1094 |
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| author | Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova Katherine A. Steele Andrew R. Smith |
| author_facet | Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova Katherine A. Steele Andrew R. Smith |
| author_sort | Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Frost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecoverable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost tolerance measuring techniques in gymnosperms, focusing mainly on conifers. Many different techniques have been used for testing, and there has been little change in methodology since 2000. The gold standard remains the field observation study, which, due to its cost, is frequently substituted by other techniques. Closed enclosure freezing tests (all non-field freezing tests) are done using various types of equipment for inducing artificial freezing. An examination of the literature indicates that several factors have to be controlled in order to measure frost tolerance in a manner similar to observation in a field study. Equipment that allows controlling the freezing rate, frost exposure time and thawing rate would obtain results closer to field studies. Other important factors in study design are the number of test temperatures used, the range of temperatures selected and the decrements between the temperatures, which should be selected based on expected frost tolerance of the tissue and species. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:48:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dec822c80d0a489c884a3837c5c8759a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:48:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-dec822c80d0a489c884a3837c5c8759a2023-11-22T07:43:27ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072021-08-01128109410.3390/f12081094Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic MapAnastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova0Katherine A. Steele1Andrew R. Smith2School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UKSchool of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UKSchool of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UKFrost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecoverable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost tolerance measuring techniques in gymnosperms, focusing mainly on conifers. Many different techniques have been used for testing, and there has been little change in methodology since 2000. The gold standard remains the field observation study, which, due to its cost, is frequently substituted by other techniques. Closed enclosure freezing tests (all non-field freezing tests) are done using various types of equipment for inducing artificial freezing. An examination of the literature indicates that several factors have to be controlled in order to measure frost tolerance in a manner similar to observation in a field study. Equipment that allows controlling the freezing rate, frost exposure time and thawing rate would obtain results closer to field studies. Other important factors in study design are the number of test temperatures used, the range of temperatures selected and the decrements between the temperatures, which should be selected based on expected frost tolerance of the tissue and species.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/8/1094conifersfrost tolerancegymnospermsfreezing |
| spellingShingle | Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova Katherine A. Steele Andrew R. Smith Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map Forests conifers frost tolerance gymnosperms freezing |
| title | Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map |
| title_full | Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map |
| title_fullStr | Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map |
| title_full_unstemmed | Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map |
| title_short | Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map |
| title_sort | methods for measuring frost tolerance of conifers a systematic map |
| topic | conifers frost tolerance gymnosperms freezing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/8/1094 |
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