Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature
It has been more than 30 years since the enigmatic 21 μ m emission feature was first discovered in protoplanetary nebulae (PPNs). Although dozens of different dust carrier candidates have been proposed, there is as yet no widely accepted one. We present the results of molecular observations toward 2...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad198f |
| _version_ | 1827357789730635776 |
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| author | Jian-Jie Qiu Yong Zhang Jun-ichi Nakashima Jiang-Shui Zhang Fei Li Deng-Rong Lu Xin-Di Tang Xiao-Ling Yu Lan-Wei Jia |
| author_facet | Jian-Jie Qiu Yong Zhang Jun-ichi Nakashima Jiang-Shui Zhang Fei Li Deng-Rong Lu Xin-Di Tang Xiao-Ling Yu Lan-Wei Jia |
| author_sort | Jian-Jie Qiu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It has been more than 30 years since the enigmatic 21 μ m emission feature was first discovered in protoplanetary nebulae (PPNs). Although dozens of different dust carrier candidates have been proposed, there is as yet no widely accepted one. We present the results of molecular observations toward 21 μ m objects using the 10 m Submillimeter Telescope of Arizona Radio Observatory in the 1.3 mm band and the 13.7 m telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory in the 3 mm band, aiming to investigate whether the gas-phase environments of these unusual sources have some peculiarities compared to normal PPNs. We detect 31 emission lines belonging to seven different molecular species, most of which are the first detection in 21 μ m PPNs. The observations provide clues to the identification of the 21 μ m feature. We report a correlation study between the fractional abundance of gas-phase molecules and the strengths of the 21 μ m emission. Our study shows that, given the small sample size, the 21 μ m feature has weak or no correlations with the gas-phase molecules. Future radio observations of high spatial and spectral resolution toward a large sample are desirable to elucidate the 21 μ m emission phenomena. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T05:46:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-decb48271722405489a5970fc0991c7b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T05:46:08Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-decb48271722405489a5970fc0991c7b2024-02-05T09:48:04ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812024-01-0116739110.3847/1538-3881/ad198fGas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission FeatureJian-Jie Qiu0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-8655Yong Zhang1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7922Jun-ichi Nakashima2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3324-9462Jiang-Shui Zhang3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-8180Fei Li4Deng-Rong Lu5Xin-Di Tang6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4154-4309Xiao-Ling Yu7Lan-Wei Jia8School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University , 2 Da Xue Road, Tangjia, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China zhangyong5@mail.sysu.edu.cn; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University) , Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University , 2 Da Xue Road, Tangjia, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China zhangyong5@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China; Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University , 2 Da Xue Road, Tangjia, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China zhangyong5@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter For Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University) , Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of ChinaPurple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210034, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of ChinaXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Qujing Normal University , Qujing 655011, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University , 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaIt has been more than 30 years since the enigmatic 21 μ m emission feature was first discovered in protoplanetary nebulae (PPNs). Although dozens of different dust carrier candidates have been proposed, there is as yet no widely accepted one. We present the results of molecular observations toward 21 μ m objects using the 10 m Submillimeter Telescope of Arizona Radio Observatory in the 1.3 mm band and the 13.7 m telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory in the 3 mm band, aiming to investigate whether the gas-phase environments of these unusual sources have some peculiarities compared to normal PPNs. We detect 31 emission lines belonging to seven different molecular species, most of which are the first detection in 21 μ m PPNs. The observations provide clues to the identification of the 21 μ m feature. We report a correlation study between the fractional abundance of gas-phase molecules and the strengths of the 21 μ m emission. Our study shows that, given the small sample size, the 21 μ m feature has weak or no correlations with the gas-phase molecules. Future radio observations of high spatial and spectral resolution toward a large sample are desirable to elucidate the 21 μ m emission phenomena.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad198fInterstellar mediumCircumstellar envelopesCircumstellar matterProtoplanetary nebulae |
| spellingShingle | Jian-Jie Qiu Yong Zhang Jun-ichi Nakashima Jiang-Shui Zhang Fei Li Deng-Rong Lu Xin-Di Tang Xiao-Ling Yu Lan-Wei Jia Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature The Astronomical Journal Interstellar medium Circumstellar envelopes Circumstellar matter Protoplanetary nebulae |
| title | Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature |
| title_full | Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature |
| title_fullStr | Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature |
| title_short | Gas-phase Molecules in Protoplanetary Nebulae with the 21 μm Emission Feature |
| title_sort | gas phase molecules in protoplanetary nebulae with the 21 μm emission feature |
| topic | Interstellar medium Circumstellar envelopes Circumstellar matter Protoplanetary nebulae |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad198f |
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