Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030
Studies on how cities are affected by urban heat islands (UHI) are critical nowadays for a better understanding of the connected effects and for providing helpful insights for sustainable city development planning. In this study, Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (E...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/741 |
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| author | Mohammad Mansourmoghaddam Iman Rousta Pedro Cabral Ashehad A. Ali Haraldur Olafsson Hao Zhang Jaromir Krzyszczak |
| author_facet | Mohammad Mansourmoghaddam Iman Rousta Pedro Cabral Ashehad A. Ali Haraldur Olafsson Hao Zhang Jaromir Krzyszczak |
| author_sort | Mohammad Mansourmoghaddam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Studies on how cities are affected by urban heat islands (UHI) are critical nowadays for a better understanding of the connected effects and for providing helpful insights for sustainable city development planning. In this study, Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+), and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to assess the dynamics of the spatiotemporal pattern of land use/land cover (LU/LC) and land surface temperature (LST) in the metropolitan city of Mashhad, Iran in the period between 1990 and 2019. The Markov chain model (MCM) was used to predict LU/LC and LST for 2030. In the analyzed LU/LC maps, three LU/LC classes were distinguished, including built-up land (BUL), vegetated land (VL), and bare land (BL) using the maximum likelihood (ML) classification method. The collected data showed different variations in the geographical pattern of Mashhad LST during the research period that impacted the LST in this metropolis. The study evaluated the variations in LU/LC classes and evaluated their impact on the LST. The value of the LST was positively correlated with the occurrence of the built-up land (BUL), and with the bare land areas, while it was negatively correlated with the occurrence of the VL areas. The analysis of changes observed over three decades with 10-year intervals and the prediction of the LU/LC and LST for 2030 constitute an important contribution to the delineation of the dynamics of long LU/LC and LST records. These innovative results may have an important impact on policymaking fostering environmental sustainability, such as the control and management of urban expansion of Mashhad in connection with UHI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:15:28Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:15:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-dedaf6e8d03a4828a6e4c4e87a0a3ca82023-11-17T18:18:05ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-04-0114474110.3390/atmos14040741Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030Mohammad Mansourmoghaddam0Iman Rousta1Pedro Cabral2Ashehad A. Ali3Haraldur Olafsson4Hao Zhang5Jaromir Krzyszczak6Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, IranDepartment of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, IranNOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisboa, PortugalDepartment of Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric Sciences-Weather and Climate, Department of Physics, University of Iceland and Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), IS-108 Reykjavik, IcelandDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, ChinaInstitute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, PolandStudies on how cities are affected by urban heat islands (UHI) are critical nowadays for a better understanding of the connected effects and for providing helpful insights for sustainable city development planning. In this study, Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+), and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to assess the dynamics of the spatiotemporal pattern of land use/land cover (LU/LC) and land surface temperature (LST) in the metropolitan city of Mashhad, Iran in the period between 1990 and 2019. The Markov chain model (MCM) was used to predict LU/LC and LST for 2030. In the analyzed LU/LC maps, three LU/LC classes were distinguished, including built-up land (BUL), vegetated land (VL), and bare land (BL) using the maximum likelihood (ML) classification method. The collected data showed different variations in the geographical pattern of Mashhad LST during the research period that impacted the LST in this metropolis. The study evaluated the variations in LU/LC classes and evaluated their impact on the LST. The value of the LST was positively correlated with the occurrence of the built-up land (BUL), and with the bare land areas, while it was negatively correlated with the occurrence of the VL areas. The analysis of changes observed over three decades with 10-year intervals and the prediction of the LU/LC and LST for 2030 constitute an important contribution to the delineation of the dynamics of long LU/LC and LST records. These innovative results may have an important impact on policymaking fostering environmental sustainability, such as the control and management of urban expansion of Mashhad in connection with UHI.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/741maximum likelihood classificationMarkov chainland-cover change forecastland surface temperature change forecastpopulation shiftMashhad City |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Mansourmoghaddam Iman Rousta Pedro Cabral Ashehad A. Ali Haraldur Olafsson Hao Zhang Jaromir Krzyszczak Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030 Atmosphere maximum likelihood classification Markov chain land-cover change forecast land surface temperature change forecast population shift Mashhad City |
| title | Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030 |
| title_full | Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030 |
| title_fullStr | Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030 |
| title_short | Investigation and Prediction of the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030 |
| title_sort | investigation and prediction of the land use land cover lu lc and land surface temperature lst changes for mashhad city in iran during 1990 2030 |
| topic | maximum likelihood classification Markov chain land-cover change forecast land surface temperature change forecast population shift Mashhad City |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/741 |
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