Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction
Soil cation exchange property (SCEP) is important in soil development and environmental buffering. However, the variations in SCEP and its correlation with soil-forming factors in subsurface soil are not fully understood. In this study, we quantified the surface and subsurface SCEP variations as a f...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/741 |
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| author | Ningxiang Ouyang Pengbo Zhang Yangzhu Zhang Hao Sheng Qing Zhou Yunxiang Huang Zhan Yu |
| author_facet | Ningxiang Ouyang Pengbo Zhang Yangzhu Zhang Hao Sheng Qing Zhou Yunxiang Huang Zhan Yu |
| author_sort | Ningxiang Ouyang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil cation exchange property (SCEP) is important in soil development and environmental buffering. However, the variations in SCEP and its correlation with soil-forming factors in subsurface soil are not fully understood. In this study, we quantified the surface and subsurface SCEP variations as a function of parent material, vegetation, hillslope position, and soil type. Fifty upland soil profiles from mid-subtropical China were selected. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and effective CEC (ECEC) of subsurface soil were significantly higher in soils derived from slate, Quaternary red clay (QRC), and limestone than in soils derived from granite and sandstone. The subsurface soils derived from limestone had the highest base saturation (BS) and the sum of base cations, and the lowest aluminum (Al) saturation. The SCEP in surface soil significantly varied with vegetation and hillslope position. The surface soil CEC was the highest in mixed-forest vegetation, whereas the ECEC and exchangeable acidity (EA) were the highest in arable vegetation. Exchangeable potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) was lowest and the EA was highest in soil orders at the strong development phase. Exchangeable calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), CEC, and BS were the highest in soil orders at the intermediate development phase. The prediction accuracy of soil CEC using the random forest model was higher than that obtained using multiple stepwise regression, with the best results (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92) obtained in the surface soil. Our study indicated that the SCEP in surface and subsurface soils was controlled by different soil-forming factors and could be effectively predicted by soil properties in subtropical China. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:03:56Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:03:56Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-dee8f3fdf36e4fc0b498aa852e13949c2023-11-17T09:05:30ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-03-0113374110.3390/agronomy13030741Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and PredictionNingxiang Ouyang0Pengbo Zhang1Yangzhu Zhang2Hao Sheng3Qing Zhou4Yunxiang Huang5Zhan Yu6School of Engineering Management, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha 410205, ChinaSchool of Engineering Management, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha 410205, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaSoil cation exchange property (SCEP) is important in soil development and environmental buffering. However, the variations in SCEP and its correlation with soil-forming factors in subsurface soil are not fully understood. In this study, we quantified the surface and subsurface SCEP variations as a function of parent material, vegetation, hillslope position, and soil type. Fifty upland soil profiles from mid-subtropical China were selected. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and effective CEC (ECEC) of subsurface soil were significantly higher in soils derived from slate, Quaternary red clay (QRC), and limestone than in soils derived from granite and sandstone. The subsurface soils derived from limestone had the highest base saturation (BS) and the sum of base cations, and the lowest aluminum (Al) saturation. The SCEP in surface soil significantly varied with vegetation and hillslope position. The surface soil CEC was the highest in mixed-forest vegetation, whereas the ECEC and exchangeable acidity (EA) were the highest in arable vegetation. Exchangeable potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) was lowest and the EA was highest in soil orders at the strong development phase. Exchangeable calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), CEC, and BS were the highest in soil orders at the intermediate development phase. The prediction accuracy of soil CEC using the random forest model was higher than that obtained using multiple stepwise regression, with the best results (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92) obtained in the surface soil. Our study indicated that the SCEP in surface and subsurface soils was controlled by different soil-forming factors and could be effectively predicted by soil properties in subtropical China.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/741cation exchange capacityhillslope positionmultiple soil classesparent materialrandom forestsoil taxonomy |
| spellingShingle | Ningxiang Ouyang Pengbo Zhang Yangzhu Zhang Hao Sheng Qing Zhou Yunxiang Huang Zhan Yu Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction Agronomy cation exchange capacity hillslope position multiple soil classes parent material random forest soil taxonomy |
| title | Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction |
| title_full | Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction |
| title_fullStr | Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction |
| title_short | Cation Exchange Properties of Subsurface Soil in Mid-Subtropical China: Variations, Correlation with Soil-Forming Factors, and Prediction |
| title_sort | cation exchange properties of subsurface soil in mid subtropical china variations correlation with soil forming factors and prediction |
| topic | cation exchange capacity hillslope position multiple soil classes parent material random forest soil taxonomy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/741 |
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