The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon?
Luis Anunciação,1 Anna Carolina Portugal,2 J Landeira-Fernandez,1 Elżbieta A Bajcar,3 Przemysław Bąbel3 1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil; 2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-902, Bra...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pain Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/the-lighter-side-of-pain-do-positive-affective-states-predict-memory-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR |
| _version_ | 1798021882940751872 |
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| author | Anunciação L Portugal AC Landeira-Fernandez J Bajcar EA Bąbel P |
| author_facet | Anunciação L Portugal AC Landeira-Fernandez J Bajcar EA Bąbel P |
| author_sort | Anunciação L |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Luis Anunciação,1 Anna Carolina Portugal,2 J Landeira-Fernandez,1 Elżbieta A Bajcar,3 Przemysław Bąbel3 1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil; 2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-902, Brazil; 3Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PolandCorrespondence: Luis AnunciaçãoPontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Marques de São Vicente, 225/L201, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, BrazilEmail luisfca@puc-rio.brBackground: Memory and in turn, memory of pain is a reconstructive process. This study considers the relationship between time, memory, affective states, and pain induced by running a marathon by investigating the influence of these factors on a participant’s memory of pain experienced after a marathon. The following two hypotheses were formulated: 1) participants’ recalled-pain of marathon experience is underestimated; and 2) the underestimation of recalled pain would be greater for participants experiencing higher positive affect.Methods: A longitudinal design was employed to check pain intensities of marathon participants a) at the finish line and b) 6 months following its completion. The sample size was based on a power analysis, and 108 marathonists rated their pain intensities and positive and negative affects at the finish line. From this sample, 58 participants recalled their pain experience of running the marathon 6 months later. Linear models, including computer-based data-mining algorithms, were used.Results: The experienced pain was higher than their recalled pain (t(55) = 3.412, p < 0.01, d = 0.45), supporting the first hypothesis. The memory of pain faded similarly in all participants, which did not directly support the second hypothesis. Further exploratory analysis suggested that negative and positive affective states were related to participants’ pain memory; positive affective states appeared to be inversely related to the recall (β = − 0.289, p = 0.039).Discussion: This study shows that time has a significant effect on memory recall and that emotions may also influence the memory of pain. This is the first study that preliminarily showcased the effect of positive affective states on the memory of pain induced by physical exercise.Keywords: marathon, pain memory, pain, positive affect, negative affect |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T17:20:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-deff6fcd127e45b5ab35039d0aa0dba8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-7090 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T17:20:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Pain Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-deff6fcd127e45b5ab35039d0aa0dba82022-12-22T04:12:30ZengDove Medical PressJournal of Pain Research1178-70902022-01-01Volume 1510511372217The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon?Anunciação LPortugal ACLandeira-Fernandez JBajcar EABąbel PLuis Anunciação,1 Anna Carolina Portugal,2 J Landeira-Fernandez,1 Elżbieta A Bajcar,3 Przemysław Bąbel3 1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil; 2Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-902, Brazil; 3Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PolandCorrespondence: Luis AnunciaçãoPontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Marques de São Vicente, 225/L201, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, BrazilEmail luisfca@puc-rio.brBackground: Memory and in turn, memory of pain is a reconstructive process. This study considers the relationship between time, memory, affective states, and pain induced by running a marathon by investigating the influence of these factors on a participant’s memory of pain experienced after a marathon. The following two hypotheses were formulated: 1) participants’ recalled-pain of marathon experience is underestimated; and 2) the underestimation of recalled pain would be greater for participants experiencing higher positive affect.Methods: A longitudinal design was employed to check pain intensities of marathon participants a) at the finish line and b) 6 months following its completion. The sample size was based on a power analysis, and 108 marathonists rated their pain intensities and positive and negative affects at the finish line. From this sample, 58 participants recalled their pain experience of running the marathon 6 months later. Linear models, including computer-based data-mining algorithms, were used.Results: The experienced pain was higher than their recalled pain (t(55) = 3.412, p < 0.01, d = 0.45), supporting the first hypothesis. The memory of pain faded similarly in all participants, which did not directly support the second hypothesis. Further exploratory analysis suggested that negative and positive affective states were related to participants’ pain memory; positive affective states appeared to be inversely related to the recall (β = − 0.289, p = 0.039).Discussion: This study shows that time has a significant effect on memory recall and that emotions may also influence the memory of pain. This is the first study that preliminarily showcased the effect of positive affective states on the memory of pain induced by physical exercise.Keywords: marathon, pain memory, pain, positive affect, negative affecthttps://www.dovepress.com/the-lighter-side-of-pain-do-positive-affective-states-predict-memory-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPRmarathonpain memorypainpositive affectnegative affect |
| spellingShingle | Anunciação L Portugal AC Landeira-Fernandez J Bajcar EA Bąbel P The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? Journal of Pain Research marathon pain memory pain positive affect negative affect |
| title | The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? |
| title_full | The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? |
| title_fullStr | The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? |
| title_short | The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? |
| title_sort | lighter side of pain do positive affective states predict memory of pain induced by running a marathon |
| topic | marathon pain memory pain positive affect negative affect |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/the-lighter-side-of-pain-do-positive-affective-states-predict-memory-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR |
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