A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils
For economical and sustainable benefits, conventional retaining walls are being replaced by geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). However, for safety and quality assurance purposes, prior tests of pullout capacities of these materials need to be performed. Conventionally, these tests are conducted in...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8699 |
| _version_ | 1797464052529627136 |
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| author | Tabish Ali Waseem Haider Nazakat Ali Muhammad Aslam |
| author_facet | Tabish Ali Waseem Haider Nazakat Ali Muhammad Aslam |
| author_sort | Tabish Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | For economical and sustainable benefits, conventional retaining walls are being replaced by geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). However, for safety and quality assurance purposes, prior tests of pullout capacities of these materials need to be performed. Conventionally, these tests are conducted in a laboratory with heavy instruments. These tests are time-consuming, require hard labor, are prone to error, and are expensive as a special pullout machine is required to perform the tests and acquire the data by using a lot of sensors and data loggers. This paper proposes a data-driven machine learning architecture (MLA) to predict the pullout capacity of GRS in a diverse environment. The results from MLA are compared with actual laboratory pullout capacity tests. Various input variables are considered for training and testing the neural network. These input parameters include the soil physical conditions based on water content and external loading applied. The soil used is a locally available weathered granite soil. The input data included normal stress, soil saturation, displacement, and soil unit weight whereas the output data contains information about the pullout strength. The data used was obtained from an actual pullout capacity test performed in the laboratory. The laboratory test is performed according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D 6706-01 with little modification. This research shows that by using machine learning, the same pullout resistance of a geosynthetic reinforced soil can be achieved as in laboratory testing, thus saving a lot of time, effort, and money. Feedforward backpropagation neural networks with a different number of neurons, algorithms, and hidden layers have been examined. The comparison of the Bayesian regularization learning algorithm with two hidden layers and 12 neurons each showed the minimum mean square error (MSE) of 3.02 × 10<sup>−5</sup> for both training and testing. The maximum coefficient of regression (R) for the testing set is 0.999 and the training set is 0.999 for the prediction interval of 99%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:01:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df07010be32b42518303e82fd037ff9b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:01:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-df07010be32b42518303e82fd037ff9b2023-11-24T09:54:22ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-11-012222869910.3390/s22228699A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced SoilsTabish Ali0Waseem Haider1Nazakat Ali2Muhammad Aslam3Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental System Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaSchool of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Malardalen University, 722 20 Vasteras, SwedenDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, KoreaFor economical and sustainable benefits, conventional retaining walls are being replaced by geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). However, for safety and quality assurance purposes, prior tests of pullout capacities of these materials need to be performed. Conventionally, these tests are conducted in a laboratory with heavy instruments. These tests are time-consuming, require hard labor, are prone to error, and are expensive as a special pullout machine is required to perform the tests and acquire the data by using a lot of sensors and data loggers. This paper proposes a data-driven machine learning architecture (MLA) to predict the pullout capacity of GRS in a diverse environment. The results from MLA are compared with actual laboratory pullout capacity tests. Various input variables are considered for training and testing the neural network. These input parameters include the soil physical conditions based on water content and external loading applied. The soil used is a locally available weathered granite soil. The input data included normal stress, soil saturation, displacement, and soil unit weight whereas the output data contains information about the pullout strength. The data used was obtained from an actual pullout capacity test performed in the laboratory. The laboratory test is performed according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D 6706-01 with little modification. This research shows that by using machine learning, the same pullout resistance of a geosynthetic reinforced soil can be achieved as in laboratory testing, thus saving a lot of time, effort, and money. Feedforward backpropagation neural networks with a different number of neurons, algorithms, and hidden layers have been examined. The comparison of the Bayesian regularization learning algorithm with two hidden layers and 12 neurons each showed the minimum mean square error (MSE) of 3.02 × 10<sup>−5</sup> for both training and testing. The maximum coefficient of regression (R) for the testing set is 0.999 and the training set is 0.999 for the prediction interval of 99%.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8699geosynthetic reinforced soilANNmachine learningpullout capacityweathered granite soilBayesian regularization |
| spellingShingle | Tabish Ali Waseem Haider Nazakat Ali Muhammad Aslam A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils Sensors geosynthetic reinforced soil ANN machine learning pullout capacity weathered granite soil Bayesian regularization |
| title | A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils |
| title_full | A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils |
| title_fullStr | A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils |
| title_short | A Machine Learning Architecture Replacing Heavy Instrumented Laboratory Tests: In Application to the Pullout Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils |
| title_sort | machine learning architecture replacing heavy instrumented laboratory tests in application to the pullout capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils |
| topic | geosynthetic reinforced soil ANN machine learning pullout capacity weathered granite soil Bayesian regularization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8699 |
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