Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future
Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/16/2222 |
| _version_ | 1797521825907867648 |
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| author | Andreas N. Angelakis Mohammad Valipour Kwang-Ho Choo Abdelkader T. Ahmed Alper Baba Rohitashw Kumar Gurpal S. Toor Zhiwei Wang |
| author_facet | Andreas N. Angelakis Mohammad Valipour Kwang-Ho Choo Abdelkader T. Ahmed Alper Baba Rohitashw Kumar Gurpal S. Toor Zhiwei Wang |
| author_sort | Andreas N. Angelakis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world’s water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth’s inhabitants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:18:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df0ccca863ca4ca49663a0a2da57ccff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:18:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-df0ccca863ca4ca49663a0a2da57ccff2023-11-22T10:14:29ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-08-011316222210.3390/w13162222Desalination: From Ancient to Present and FutureAndreas N. Angelakis0Mohammad Valipour1Kwang-Ho Choo2Abdelkader T. Ahmed3Alper Baba4Rohitashw Kumar5Gurpal S. Toor6Zhiwei Wang7HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion, GreeceWater Resources Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USADepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, KoreaCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, EgyptDepartment of International Water Resources, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, TurkeyCollege of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K) 190025, IndiaDepartment of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, ChinaWater is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world’s water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth’s inhabitants.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/16/2222distillationevaporationPersian Gulfreverse osmosisseawaterbrackish water |
| spellingShingle | Andreas N. Angelakis Mohammad Valipour Kwang-Ho Choo Abdelkader T. Ahmed Alper Baba Rohitashw Kumar Gurpal S. Toor Zhiwei Wang Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future Water distillation evaporation Persian Gulf reverse osmosis seawater brackish water |
| title | Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |
| title_full | Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |
| title_fullStr | Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |
| title_full_unstemmed | Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |
| title_short | Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |
| title_sort | desalination from ancient to present and future |
| topic | distillation evaporation Persian Gulf reverse osmosis seawater brackish water |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/16/2222 |
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