Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases
Oxidative stress is generated by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant scavenger system’s activity. Increased ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, likely contribute to the development and complications of athero...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1408 |
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| author | Giovanna Petrucci Alessandro Rizzi Duaa Hatem Giulia Tosti Bianca Rocca Dario Pitocco |
| author_facet | Giovanna Petrucci Alessandro Rizzi Duaa Hatem Giulia Tosti Bianca Rocca Dario Pitocco |
| author_sort | Giovanna Petrucci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oxidative stress is generated by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant scavenger system’s activity. Increased ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, likely contribute to the development and complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). In genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis, the overexpression of ROS-generating enzymes and uncontrolled ROS formation appear to be associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Conversely, the overexpression of ROS scavenger systems reduces or stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions, depending on the genetic background of the mouse model. In humans, higher levels of circulating biomarkers derived from the oxidation of lipids (8-epi-prostaglandin F<sub>2α</sub>, and malondialdehyde), as well as proteins (oxidized low-density lipoprotein, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, advanced glycation end-products), are increased in conditions of high cardiovascular risk or overt ASCVD, and some oxidation biomarkers have been reported as independent predictors of ASCVD in large observational cohorts. In animal models, antioxidant supplementation with melatonin, resveratrol, Vitamin E, stevioside, acacetin and n-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced ROS and attenuated atherosclerotic lesions. However, in humans, evidence from large, placebo-controlled, randomized trials or prospective studies failed to show any athero-protective effect of antioxidant supplementation with different compounds in different CV settings. However, the chronic consumption of diets known to be rich in antioxidant compounds (e.g., Mediterranean and high-fish diet), has shown to reduce ASCVD over decades. Future studies are needed to fill the gap between the data and targets derived from studies in animals and their pathogenetic and therapeutic significance in human ASCVD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df24575611d54f37acb265350d8ef9d0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-df24575611d54f37acb265350d8ef9d02023-12-03T14:34:31ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-07-01117140810.3390/antiox11071408Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic DiseasesGiovanna Petrucci0Alessandro Rizzi1Duaa Hatem2Giulia Tosti3Bianca Rocca4Dario Pitocco5Department of Bioethics and Safety, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, ItalyDiabetes Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Bioethics and Safety, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, ItalyDiabetes Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Bioethics and Safety, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, ItalyDiabetes Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyOxidative stress is generated by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant scavenger system’s activity. Increased ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, likely contribute to the development and complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). In genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis, the overexpression of ROS-generating enzymes and uncontrolled ROS formation appear to be associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Conversely, the overexpression of ROS scavenger systems reduces or stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions, depending on the genetic background of the mouse model. In humans, higher levels of circulating biomarkers derived from the oxidation of lipids (8-epi-prostaglandin F<sub>2α</sub>, and malondialdehyde), as well as proteins (oxidized low-density lipoprotein, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, advanced glycation end-products), are increased in conditions of high cardiovascular risk or overt ASCVD, and some oxidation biomarkers have been reported as independent predictors of ASCVD in large observational cohorts. In animal models, antioxidant supplementation with melatonin, resveratrol, Vitamin E, stevioside, acacetin and n-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced ROS and attenuated atherosclerotic lesions. However, in humans, evidence from large, placebo-controlled, randomized trials or prospective studies failed to show any athero-protective effect of antioxidant supplementation with different compounds in different CV settings. However, the chronic consumption of diets known to be rich in antioxidant compounds (e.g., Mediterranean and high-fish diet), has shown to reduce ASCVD over decades. Future studies are needed to fill the gap between the data and targets derived from studies in animals and their pathogenetic and therapeutic significance in human ASCVD.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1408reactive oxygen speciesoxidative stressatherosclerosiscardiovascular diseasesplateletsscavengers |
| spellingShingle | Giovanna Petrucci Alessandro Rizzi Duaa Hatem Giulia Tosti Bianca Rocca Dario Pitocco Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases Antioxidants reactive oxygen species oxidative stress atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases platelets scavengers |
| title | Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases |
| title_full | Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases |
| title_short | Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases |
| title_sort | role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic diseases |
| topic | reactive oxygen species oxidative stress atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases platelets scavengers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1408 |
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