Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
The adenoid (Ad) and tonsil (Ts), located in the upper airway, play an important role in immunological protection. These lymphoid tissues grow rapidly, reach a peak of growth at the age of 6–8 years, and decrease in their size thereafter. However, little information is available on the longitudinal...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4956 |
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| author | Hiroshi Yamada Masaki Sawada Masaaki Higashino Susumu Abe Tarek El-Bialy Eiji Tanaka |
| author_facet | Hiroshi Yamada Masaki Sawada Masaaki Higashino Susumu Abe Tarek El-Bialy Eiji Tanaka |
| author_sort | Hiroshi Yamada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The adenoid (Ad) and tonsil (Ts), located in the upper airway, play an important role in immunological protection. These lymphoid tissues grow rapidly, reach a peak of growth at the age of 6–8 years, and decrease in their size thereafter. However, little information is available on the longitudinal growth patterns of Ad and Ts in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the individual growth of Ad and Ts during childhood using lateral cephalograms taken longitudinally from the same individuals at the ages of 8–12 years. Our results showed that the cross-sectional areas of the Ad, nasopharynx (Np), and oropharynx (Op) significantly increased with age while small changes in the size of Ts were present throughout the study period. In addition, the values of Ad/Np and Ts/Op decreased significantly with age in the elementary school. Furthermore, there was a strong and significant correlation between the Ad/Np ratio and upper airway resistance, indicating the narrowest distance in the upper airway. In conclusion, the airway occupation in Np and Op increased with age due to the increase in the sizes of Np and Op but not the decrease in the sizes of Ad and Ts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:00:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df5b64b4c44a47cd90e0bc2e77478316 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:00:10Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-df5b64b4c44a47cd90e0bc2e774783162023-11-22T21:05:12ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-10-011021495610.3390/jcm10214956Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School ChildrenHiroshi Yamada0Masaki Sawada1Masaaki Higashino2Susumu Abe3Tarek El-Bialy4Eiji Tanaka5Yamada Orthodontic Office, Izumiotsu, Osaka 595-0025, JapanYamada Orthodontic Office, Izumiotsu, Osaka 595-0025, JapanDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Comprehensive Dentistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, JapanDepartment of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, CanadaDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, JapanThe adenoid (Ad) and tonsil (Ts), located in the upper airway, play an important role in immunological protection. These lymphoid tissues grow rapidly, reach a peak of growth at the age of 6–8 years, and decrease in their size thereafter. However, little information is available on the longitudinal growth patterns of Ad and Ts in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the individual growth of Ad and Ts during childhood using lateral cephalograms taken longitudinally from the same individuals at the ages of 8–12 years. Our results showed that the cross-sectional areas of the Ad, nasopharynx (Np), and oropharynx (Op) significantly increased with age while small changes in the size of Ts were present throughout the study period. In addition, the values of Ad/Np and Ts/Op decreased significantly with age in the elementary school. Furthermore, there was a strong and significant correlation between the Ad/Np ratio and upper airway resistance, indicating the narrowest distance in the upper airway. In conclusion, the airway occupation in Np and Op increased with age due to the increase in the sizes of Np and Op but not the decrease in the sizes of Ad and Ts.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4956adenoidtonsillymphoid tissuecephalogramnasopharynxoropharynx |
| spellingShingle | Hiroshi Yamada Masaki Sawada Masaaki Higashino Susumu Abe Tarek El-Bialy Eiji Tanaka Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children Journal of Clinical Medicine adenoid tonsil lymphoid tissue cephalogram nasopharynx oropharynx |
| title | Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children |
| title_full | Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children |
| title_fullStr | Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children |
| title_short | Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children |
| title_sort | longitudinal morphological changes in the adenoids and tonsils in japanese school children |
| topic | adenoid tonsil lymphoid tissue cephalogram nasopharynx oropharynx |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4956 |
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