Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz
Ethnogenesis of Kazakhs took place in Central Asia, a region of high genetic and cultural diversity. Even though archaeological and historical studies have shed some light on the formation of modern Kazakhs, the process of establishment of hierarchical socioeconomic structure in the Steppe remains c...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.801295/full |
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| author | Elmira Khussainova Ilya Kisselev Ilya Kisselev Olzhas Iksan Olzhas Iksan Bakhytzhan Bekmanov Bakhytzhan Bekmanov Liliya Skvortsova Alexander Garshin Alexander Garshin Elena Kuzovleva Zhassulan Zhaniyazov Gulnur Zhunussova Lyazzat Musralina Lyazzat Musralina Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy Almira Amirgaliyeva Mamura Begmanova Akerke Seisenbayeva Kira Bespalova Anastasia Perfilyeva Gulnar Abylkassymova Aldiyar Farkhatuly Sara V. Good Leyla Djansugurova |
| author_facet | Elmira Khussainova Ilya Kisselev Ilya Kisselev Olzhas Iksan Olzhas Iksan Bakhytzhan Bekmanov Bakhytzhan Bekmanov Liliya Skvortsova Alexander Garshin Alexander Garshin Elena Kuzovleva Zhassulan Zhaniyazov Gulnur Zhunussova Lyazzat Musralina Lyazzat Musralina Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy Almira Amirgaliyeva Mamura Begmanova Akerke Seisenbayeva Kira Bespalova Anastasia Perfilyeva Gulnar Abylkassymova Aldiyar Farkhatuly Sara V. Good Leyla Djansugurova |
| author_sort | Elmira Khussainova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ethnogenesis of Kazakhs took place in Central Asia, a region of high genetic and cultural diversity. Even though archaeological and historical studies have shed some light on the formation of modern Kazakhs, the process of establishment of hierarchical socioeconomic structure in the Steppe remains contentious. In this study, we analyzed haplotype variation at 15 Y-chromosomal short-tandem-repeats obtained from 1171 individuals from 24 tribes representing the three socio-territorial subdivisions (Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz) in Kazakhstan to comprehensively characterize the patrilineal genetic architecture of the Kazakh Steppe. In total, 577 distinct haplotypes were identified belonging to one of 20 haplogroups; 16 predominant haplogroups were confirmed by SNP-genotyping. The haplogroup distribution was skewed towards C2-M217, present in all tribes at a global frequency of 51.9%. Despite signatures of spatial differences in haplotype frequencies, a Mantel test failed to detect a statistically significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance between individuals. An analysis of molecular variance found that ∼8.9% of the genetic variance among individuals was attributable to differences among zhuzes and ∼20% to differences among tribes within zhuzes. The STRUCTURE analysis of the 1164 individuals indicated the presence of 20 ancestral groups and a complex three-subclade organization of the C2-M217 haplogroup in Kazakhs, a result supported by the multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, while the majority of the haplotypes and tribes overlapped, a distinct cluster of the O2 haplogroup, mostly of the Naiman tribe, was observed. Thus, firstly, our analysis indicated that the majority of Kazakh tribes share deep heterogeneous patrilineal ancestries, while a smaller fraction of them are descendants of a founder paternal ancestor. Secondly, we observed a high frequency of the C2-M217 haplogroups along the southern border of Kazakhstan, broadly corresponding to both the path of the Mongolian invasion and the ancient Silk Road. Interestingly, we detected three subclades of the C2-M217 haplogroup that broadly exhibits zhuz-specific clustering. Further study of Kazakh haplotypes variation within a Central Asian context is required to untwist this complex process of ethnogenesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:57:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df60c6dd4a654cf8823b505b0e4db393 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:57:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Genetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-df60c6dd4a654cf8823b505b0e4db3932022-12-22T04:03:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212022-01-011210.3389/fgene.2021.801295801295Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and ZhuzElmira Khussainova0Ilya Kisselev1Ilya Kisselev2Olzhas Iksan3Olzhas Iksan4Bakhytzhan Bekmanov5Bakhytzhan Bekmanov6Liliya Skvortsova7Alexander Garshin8Alexander Garshin9Elena Kuzovleva10Zhassulan Zhaniyazov11Gulnur Zhunussova12Lyazzat Musralina13Lyazzat Musralina14Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy15Almira Amirgaliyeva16Mamura Begmanova17Akerke Seisenbayeva18Kira Bespalova19Anastasia Perfilyeva20Gulnar Abylkassymova21Aldiyar Farkhatuly22Sara V. Good23Leyla Djansugurova24Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanThe University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanAl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanAl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanAl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanAl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanOskemen Bilim-Innovation Lyceum, Ust’-Kamenogorsk, KazakhstanThe University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaInstitute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, KazakhstanEthnogenesis of Kazakhs took place in Central Asia, a region of high genetic and cultural diversity. Even though archaeological and historical studies have shed some light on the formation of modern Kazakhs, the process of establishment of hierarchical socioeconomic structure in the Steppe remains contentious. In this study, we analyzed haplotype variation at 15 Y-chromosomal short-tandem-repeats obtained from 1171 individuals from 24 tribes representing the three socio-territorial subdivisions (Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz) in Kazakhstan to comprehensively characterize the patrilineal genetic architecture of the Kazakh Steppe. In total, 577 distinct haplotypes were identified belonging to one of 20 haplogroups; 16 predominant haplogroups were confirmed by SNP-genotyping. The haplogroup distribution was skewed towards C2-M217, present in all tribes at a global frequency of 51.9%. Despite signatures of spatial differences in haplotype frequencies, a Mantel test failed to detect a statistically significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance between individuals. An analysis of molecular variance found that ∼8.9% of the genetic variance among individuals was attributable to differences among zhuzes and ∼20% to differences among tribes within zhuzes. The STRUCTURE analysis of the 1164 individuals indicated the presence of 20 ancestral groups and a complex three-subclade organization of the C2-M217 haplogroup in Kazakhs, a result supported by the multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, while the majority of the haplotypes and tribes overlapped, a distinct cluster of the O2 haplogroup, mostly of the Naiman tribe, was observed. Thus, firstly, our analysis indicated that the majority of Kazakh tribes share deep heterogeneous patrilineal ancestries, while a smaller fraction of them are descendants of a founder paternal ancestor. Secondly, we observed a high frequency of the C2-M217 haplogroups along the southern border of Kazakhstan, broadly corresponding to both the path of the Mongolian invasion and the ancient Silk Road. Interestingly, we detected three subclades of the C2-M217 haplogroup that broadly exhibits zhuz-specific clustering. Further study of Kazakh haplotypes variation within a Central Asian context is required to untwist this complex process of ethnogenesis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.801295/fullY-chromosomeY-STRhaplotypeshaplogroupsKazakhstanMDS plot |
| spellingShingle | Elmira Khussainova Ilya Kisselev Ilya Kisselev Olzhas Iksan Olzhas Iksan Bakhytzhan Bekmanov Bakhytzhan Bekmanov Liliya Skvortsova Alexander Garshin Alexander Garshin Elena Kuzovleva Zhassulan Zhaniyazov Gulnur Zhunussova Lyazzat Musralina Lyazzat Musralina Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy Almira Amirgaliyeva Mamura Begmanova Akerke Seisenbayeva Kira Bespalova Anastasia Perfilyeva Gulnar Abylkassymova Aldiyar Farkhatuly Sara V. Good Leyla Djansugurova Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz Frontiers in Genetics Y-chromosome Y-STR haplotypes haplogroups Kazakhstan MDS plot |
| title | Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz |
| title_full | Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz |
| title_short | Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz |
| title_sort | genetic relationship among the kazakh people based on y str markers reveals evidence of genetic variation among tribes and zhuz |
| topic | Y-chromosome Y-STR haplotypes haplogroups Kazakhstan MDS plot |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.801295/full |
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