Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy
Recycled Al alloys not only offer environmental and economic benefits but also present a valuable base for the development of innovative materials, such as Al-Ni-Fe alloys. This work particularly focuses on the microstructural changes and hardness of an Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy (wt.%) solidified with an app...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/12/1980 |
| _version_ | 1797380093635461120 |
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| author | Jonas Faria Andrei de Paula Cássio Silva Rafael Kakitani André Barros Amauri Garcia Crystopher Brito Noé Cheung |
| author_facet | Jonas Faria Andrei de Paula Cássio Silva Rafael Kakitani André Barros Amauri Garcia Crystopher Brito Noé Cheung |
| author_sort | Jonas Faria |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recycled Al alloys not only offer environmental and economic benefits but also present a valuable base for the development of innovative materials, such as Al-Ni-Fe alloys. This work particularly focuses on the microstructural changes and hardness of an Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy (wt.%) solidified with an approximate 20-fold variation in cooling rates. For the various microstructural length scales obtained, only the eutectic regions exhibit a uniform pattern, with the eutectic colonies comprising an α-Al phase along with Al<sub>3</sub>Ni and Al<sub>9</sub>FeNi intermetallic compounds. It is shown that microstructural refinement can lead to a 36% increase in hardness. To represent this mathematically, hardness values are associated with the eutectic colony and intermetallic fiber spacings (λ<sub>EC</sub> and λ<sub>IF</sub> is, respectively) using experimental equations based on the Hall–Petch relationship and multiple linear regression. In addition, comparisons are undertaken with Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe (wt.%) alloy samples produced under the same conditions. The Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy exhibits higher hardness values than both the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe binary alloys. Furthermore, the hardness of the ternary Al-Ni-Fe alloy is sensitive to microstructural refinement, a characteristic absent in the binary alloys. For λ<sub>IF</sub><sup>−1/2</sup> = 1.56 µm<sup>−1/2</sup> (coarser microstructure), the Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy exhibits a hardness of about 13% and 102% higher than that of the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe alloys, respectively, while for λ<sub>IF</sub><sup>−1/2</sup> = 1.81 µm<sup>−1/2</sup> (finer microstructure), it demonstrates a hardness of approximately 39% and 147% higher as compared to that of the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe alloys, respectively. Thus, this research provides experimental correlations that connect hardness, microstructure, and solidification thermal parameters, contributing to a better understanding for the design of as-cast Fe-contaminated Al-Ni-based alloys. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df670878c36048ab9198343c8759889a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:32:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-df670878c36048ab9198343c8759889a2023-12-22T14:24:44ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012023-12-011312198010.3390/met13121980Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe AlloyJonas Faria0Andrei de Paula1Cássio Silva2Rafael Kakitani3André Barros4Amauri Garcia5Crystopher Brito6Noé Cheung7Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilDepartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilDepartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilDepartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilDepartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilDepartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, School of Engineering of São João (FESJ), São Paulo State University—UNESP, São João da Boa Vista 13876-750, SP, BrazilDepartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-860, SP, BrazilRecycled Al alloys not only offer environmental and economic benefits but also present a valuable base for the development of innovative materials, such as Al-Ni-Fe alloys. This work particularly focuses on the microstructural changes and hardness of an Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy (wt.%) solidified with an approximate 20-fold variation in cooling rates. For the various microstructural length scales obtained, only the eutectic regions exhibit a uniform pattern, with the eutectic colonies comprising an α-Al phase along with Al<sub>3</sub>Ni and Al<sub>9</sub>FeNi intermetallic compounds. It is shown that microstructural refinement can lead to a 36% increase in hardness. To represent this mathematically, hardness values are associated with the eutectic colony and intermetallic fiber spacings (λ<sub>EC</sub> and λ<sub>IF</sub> is, respectively) using experimental equations based on the Hall–Petch relationship and multiple linear regression. In addition, comparisons are undertaken with Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe (wt.%) alloy samples produced under the same conditions. The Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy exhibits higher hardness values than both the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe binary alloys. Furthermore, the hardness of the ternary Al-Ni-Fe alloy is sensitive to microstructural refinement, a characteristic absent in the binary alloys. For λ<sub>IF</sub><sup>−1/2</sup> = 1.56 µm<sup>−1/2</sup> (coarser microstructure), the Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy exhibits a hardness of about 13% and 102% higher than that of the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe alloys, respectively, while for λ<sub>IF</sub><sup>−1/2</sup> = 1.81 µm<sup>−1/2</sup> (finer microstructure), it demonstrates a hardness of approximately 39% and 147% higher as compared to that of the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe alloys, respectively. Thus, this research provides experimental correlations that connect hardness, microstructure, and solidification thermal parameters, contributing to a better understanding for the design of as-cast Fe-contaminated Al-Ni-based alloys.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/12/1980recyclingAl alloyssolidificationmicrostructurehardness |
| spellingShingle | Jonas Faria Andrei de Paula Cássio Silva Rafael Kakitani André Barros Amauri Garcia Crystopher Brito Noé Cheung Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy Metals recycling Al alloys solidification microstructure hardness |
| title | Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy |
| title_full | Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy |
| title_fullStr | Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy |
| title_short | Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy |
| title_sort | fe containing al based alloys relationship between microstructural evolution and hardness in an al ni fe alloy |
| topic | recycling Al alloys solidification microstructure hardness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/12/1980 |
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