Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ
Several reports have shown that more plant-based dietary patterns provide a higher intake of antioxidants compared to diets rich in meat and animal products. Data on the intake of key nutrients in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in relation to particular diets in countries of Central and Eas...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/2/222 |
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| author | Magdalena Kwaśniewska Małgorzata Pikala Oliwia Grygorczuk Anna Waśkiewicz Urszula Stepaniak Andrzej Pająk Krystyna Kozakiewicz Paweł Nadrowski Tomasz Zdrojewski Aleksandra Puch-Walczak Andrzej Tykarski Wojciech Drygas |
| author_facet | Magdalena Kwaśniewska Małgorzata Pikala Oliwia Grygorczuk Anna Waśkiewicz Urszula Stepaniak Andrzej Pająk Krystyna Kozakiewicz Paweł Nadrowski Tomasz Zdrojewski Aleksandra Puch-Walczak Andrzej Tykarski Wojciech Drygas |
| author_sort | Magdalena Kwaśniewska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Several reports have shown that more plant-based dietary patterns provide a higher intake of antioxidants compared to diets rich in meat and animal products. Data on the intake of key nutrients in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in relation to particular diets in countries of Central and Eastern Europe are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess quality of nutrition and CVD characteristics in a representative sample of Polish adults following different dietary patterns. Special regard was paid to the intake of natural antioxidants. The study comprised 13,318 (7159 females) randomly selected adults aged ≥ 20 years participating in the National Multicentre Health Surveys WOBASZ and WOBASZ II. The subjects were categorized into groups of omnivores (92.4%), flexitarians (7.4%) and vegetarians (0.16%) according to type of diet using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall. The obtained results showed that neither flexitarians nor vegetarians represented better dietary habits or lifestyle behaviors compared to omnivores. Flexitarians had significantly lower daily energy intake than omnivores, but their diet was rich in total fat (above 30% of daily energy consumption) and low in fiber. Omnivores declared a higher consumption of fresh vegetables (<i>p</i> < 0.001), fresh fruit (<i>p</i> < 0.01), coffee (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and tea (<i>p</i> < 0.05, in women only) than flexitarians. Omnivores had significantly higher intake of natural antioxidants (vitamin C, E, zinc in both genders and vitamin A in men) as compared with flexitarians. Among women, the highest adherence to the intake of recommended amounts of antioxidant nutrients was noted among omnivores. Among men, vegetarians had the highest proportion of meeting the guidelines for vitamin A (77.8%), E (66.7%) and C (66.7%), while the lowest proportions were found in flexitarians (69.9%, 39.5% and 32.4%, respectively). The groups did not differ in terms of smoking and physical activity level. There were no significant differences in the analyzed CVD characteristics between omnivores and flexitarians. In women, vegetarians had substantially lower BMI than omnivores (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and flexitarians (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and a lower mean serum glucose compared with omnivores (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and flexitarians (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Vegetarians had lower prevalence of hypertension and obesity than meat eaters. In conclusion, the results of the current research showed an inappropriate intake of several nutrients, including highly potent antioxidants, irrespective of the dietary regimen. Flexitarians did not have a more favorable CVD profile than omnivores. Taking into account the growing popularity of diets with reduced animal products, there is a need to elaborate strategies providing Polish adults with guidance regarding properly balanced nutrition. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:15:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df7ae3e12f69483e98e2fcef8f0ff471 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:15:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-df7ae3e12f69483e98e2fcef8f0ff4712023-11-16T18:45:03ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-01-0112222210.3390/antiox12020222Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZMagdalena Kwaśniewska0Małgorzata Pikala1Oliwia Grygorczuk2Anna Waśkiewicz3Urszula Stepaniak4Andrzej Pająk5Krystyna Kozakiewicz6Paweł Nadrowski7Tomasz Zdrojewski8Aleksandra Puch-Walczak9Andrzej Tykarski10Wojciech Drygas11Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-419 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-419 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University of Krakow, 31-007 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University of Krakow, 31-007 Krakow, PolandDivision of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDivision of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Education, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, PolandDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Education, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, PolandDepartment of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, PolandSeveral reports have shown that more plant-based dietary patterns provide a higher intake of antioxidants compared to diets rich in meat and animal products. Data on the intake of key nutrients in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in relation to particular diets in countries of Central and Eastern Europe are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess quality of nutrition and CVD characteristics in a representative sample of Polish adults following different dietary patterns. Special regard was paid to the intake of natural antioxidants. The study comprised 13,318 (7159 females) randomly selected adults aged ≥ 20 years participating in the National Multicentre Health Surveys WOBASZ and WOBASZ II. The subjects were categorized into groups of omnivores (92.4%), flexitarians (7.4%) and vegetarians (0.16%) according to type of diet using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall. The obtained results showed that neither flexitarians nor vegetarians represented better dietary habits or lifestyle behaviors compared to omnivores. Flexitarians had significantly lower daily energy intake than omnivores, but their diet was rich in total fat (above 30% of daily energy consumption) and low in fiber. Omnivores declared a higher consumption of fresh vegetables (<i>p</i> < 0.001), fresh fruit (<i>p</i> < 0.01), coffee (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and tea (<i>p</i> < 0.05, in women only) than flexitarians. Omnivores had significantly higher intake of natural antioxidants (vitamin C, E, zinc in both genders and vitamin A in men) as compared with flexitarians. Among women, the highest adherence to the intake of recommended amounts of antioxidant nutrients was noted among omnivores. Among men, vegetarians had the highest proportion of meeting the guidelines for vitamin A (77.8%), E (66.7%) and C (66.7%), while the lowest proportions were found in flexitarians (69.9%, 39.5% and 32.4%, respectively). The groups did not differ in terms of smoking and physical activity level. There were no significant differences in the analyzed CVD characteristics between omnivores and flexitarians. In women, vegetarians had substantially lower BMI than omnivores (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and flexitarians (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and a lower mean serum glucose compared with omnivores (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and flexitarians (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Vegetarians had lower prevalence of hypertension and obesity than meat eaters. In conclusion, the results of the current research showed an inappropriate intake of several nutrients, including highly potent antioxidants, irrespective of the dietary regimen. Flexitarians did not have a more favorable CVD profile than omnivores. Taking into account the growing popularity of diets with reduced animal products, there is a need to elaborate strategies providing Polish adults with guidance regarding properly balanced nutrition.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/2/222antioxidantsdietary patternsomnivoresflexitarianvegetariancardiovascular |
| spellingShingle | Magdalena Kwaśniewska Małgorzata Pikala Oliwia Grygorczuk Anna Waśkiewicz Urszula Stepaniak Andrzej Pająk Krystyna Kozakiewicz Paweł Nadrowski Tomasz Zdrojewski Aleksandra Puch-Walczak Andrzej Tykarski Wojciech Drygas Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ Antioxidants antioxidants dietary patterns omnivores flexitarian vegetarian cardiovascular |
| title | Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ |
| title_full | Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ |
| title_fullStr | Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ |
| title_short | Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland—The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ |
| title_sort | dietary antioxidants quality of nutrition and cardiovascular characteristics among omnivores flexitarians and vegetarians in poland the results of multicenter national representative survey wobasz |
| topic | antioxidants dietary patterns omnivores flexitarian vegetarian cardiovascular |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/2/222 |
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