Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i>
Multiple infections of several bacterial species are often observed under natural farm conditions. The infections would cause a much more significant loss compared to a single infectious agent. Vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent diseases in aquaculture, and oral vaccination has been pro...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/4/368 |
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| author | Aslah Mohamad Mohd Zamri-Saad Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal Nurhidayu Al-saari Md. Shirajum Monir Yong Kit Chin Ina-Salwany Md Yasin |
| author_facet | Aslah Mohamad Mohd Zamri-Saad Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal Nurhidayu Al-saari Md. Shirajum Monir Yong Kit Chin Ina-Salwany Md Yasin |
| author_sort | Aslah Mohamad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple infections of several bacterial species are often observed under natural farm conditions. The infections would cause a much more significant loss compared to a single infectious agent. Vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent diseases in aquaculture, and oral vaccination has been proposed as a promising technique since it requires no handling of the fish and is easy to perform. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential feed-based polyvalent vaccine that can be used to treat multiple infections by <i>Vibrios</i> spp., <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>, and <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, simultaneously. The oral polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed vaccine of <i>V. harveyi, S. agalactiae</i>, and <i>A. hydrophila</i> strains with commercial feed pellet, and palm oil as an adjuvant was added to improve their antigenicity. Thereafter, a vaccinated feed pellet was tested for feed quality analysis in terms of feed stability in water, proximate nutrient analysis, and palatability, safety, and growth performance using Asian seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> as a fish host model. For immune response analysis, a total of 300 Asian seabass juveniles (15.8 ± 2.6 g) were divided into two groups in triplicate. Fish of group 1 were not vaccinated, while group 2 was vaccinated with the feed-based polyvalent vaccine. Vaccinations were carried out on days 0 and 14 with oral administration of the feed containing the bacterin at 5% body weight. Samples of serum for antibody and lysozyme study and the spleen and gut for gene expression analysis were collected at 7-day intervals for 6 weeks. Its efficacy in protecting fish was evaluated in aquarium challenge. Following vaccination by the polyvalent feed-based vaccine, IgM antibody levels showed a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increase in serum against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i>, <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, and <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> and reached the peak at week 3, 5, and 6, respectively. The high-stimulated antibody in the serum remained significantly higher than the control (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at the end of the 6 weeks vaccination trial. Not only that, but the serum lysozyme level was also increased significantly at week 4 (<i>p</i> < 0.05) as compared to the control treatment. The immune-related gene, dendritic cells, C3, Chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) showed significantly higher expression (<i>p</i> < 0.05) after the fish were vaccinated with the oral vaccine. In the aquarium challenge, the vaccine provided a relative percentage survival of 75 ± 7.1%, 80 ± 0.0%, and 80 ± 0.0% after challenge with <i>V. harveyi</i>, <i>A. hydrophila</i>, and <i>S. agalactiae</i>, respectively. Combining our results demonstrate that the feed-based polyvalent vaccine could elicit significant innate and adaptive immunological responses, and this offers an opportunity for a comprehensive immunization against vibriosis, streptococcosis, and motile aeromonad septicemia in Asian seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer.</i> Nevertheless, this newly developed feed-based polyvalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large-scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry shortly. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:26:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df98e0f328444bd789f8fb477db815ed |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:26:32Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-df98e0f328444bd789f8fb477db815ed2023-11-21T15:02:38ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-04-019436810.3390/vaccines9040368Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i>Aslah Mohamad0Mohd Zamri-Saad1Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal2Nurhidayu Al-saari3Md. Shirajum Monir4Yong Kit Chin5Ina-Salwany Md Yasin6Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaAquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaAquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), Level 3, KICT Building, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak 53100, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaAquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaAquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaMultiple infections of several bacterial species are often observed under natural farm conditions. The infections would cause a much more significant loss compared to a single infectious agent. Vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent diseases in aquaculture, and oral vaccination has been proposed as a promising technique since it requires no handling of the fish and is easy to perform. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential feed-based polyvalent vaccine that can be used to treat multiple infections by <i>Vibrios</i> spp., <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>, and <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, simultaneously. The oral polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed vaccine of <i>V. harveyi, S. agalactiae</i>, and <i>A. hydrophila</i> strains with commercial feed pellet, and palm oil as an adjuvant was added to improve their antigenicity. Thereafter, a vaccinated feed pellet was tested for feed quality analysis in terms of feed stability in water, proximate nutrient analysis, and palatability, safety, and growth performance using Asian seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> as a fish host model. For immune response analysis, a total of 300 Asian seabass juveniles (15.8 ± 2.6 g) were divided into two groups in triplicate. Fish of group 1 were not vaccinated, while group 2 was vaccinated with the feed-based polyvalent vaccine. Vaccinations were carried out on days 0 and 14 with oral administration of the feed containing the bacterin at 5% body weight. Samples of serum for antibody and lysozyme study and the spleen and gut for gene expression analysis were collected at 7-day intervals for 6 weeks. Its efficacy in protecting fish was evaluated in aquarium challenge. Following vaccination by the polyvalent feed-based vaccine, IgM antibody levels showed a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increase in serum against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i>, <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, and <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> and reached the peak at week 3, 5, and 6, respectively. The high-stimulated antibody in the serum remained significantly higher than the control (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at the end of the 6 weeks vaccination trial. Not only that, but the serum lysozyme level was also increased significantly at week 4 (<i>p</i> < 0.05) as compared to the control treatment. The immune-related gene, dendritic cells, C3, Chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) showed significantly higher expression (<i>p</i> < 0.05) after the fish were vaccinated with the oral vaccine. In the aquarium challenge, the vaccine provided a relative percentage survival of 75 ± 7.1%, 80 ± 0.0%, and 80 ± 0.0% after challenge with <i>V. harveyi</i>, <i>A. hydrophila</i>, and <i>S. agalactiae</i>, respectively. Combining our results demonstrate that the feed-based polyvalent vaccine could elicit significant innate and adaptive immunological responses, and this offers an opportunity for a comprehensive immunization against vibriosis, streptococcosis, and motile aeromonad septicemia in Asian seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer.</i> Nevertheless, this newly developed feed-based polyvalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large-scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry shortly.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/4/368vibriosisstreptococcosisMASfish vaccinationoral vaccination |
| spellingShingle | Aslah Mohamad Mohd Zamri-Saad Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal Nurhidayu Al-saari Md. Shirajum Monir Yong Kit Chin Ina-Salwany Md Yasin Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> Vaccines vibriosis streptococcosis MAS fish vaccination oral vaccination |
| title | Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> |
| title_full | Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> |
| title_fullStr | Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> |
| title_short | Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, <i>Lates calcarifer</i> |
| title_sort | vaccine efficacy of a newly developed feed based whole cell polyvalent vaccine against vibriosis streptococcosis and motile aeromonad septicemia in asian seabass i lates calcarifer i |
| topic | vibriosis streptococcosis MAS fish vaccination oral vaccination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/4/368 |
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