Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging
Glutathione is a remarkably functional molecule with diverse features, which include being an antioxidant, a regulator of DNA synthesis and repair, a protector of thiol groups in proteins, a stabilizer of cell membranes, and a detoxifier of xenobiotics. Glutathione exists in two states—oxidized and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/1/324 |
| _version_ | 1827668096148570112 |
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| author | Igor Y. Iskusnykh Anastasia A. Zakharova Dhruba Pathak |
| author_facet | Igor Y. Iskusnykh Anastasia A. Zakharova Dhruba Pathak |
| author_sort | Igor Y. Iskusnykh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glutathione is a remarkably functional molecule with diverse features, which include being an antioxidant, a regulator of DNA synthesis and repair, a protector of thiol groups in proteins, a stabilizer of cell membranes, and a detoxifier of xenobiotics. Glutathione exists in two states—oxidized and reduced. Under normal physiological conditions of cellular homeostasis, glutathione remains primarily in its reduced form. However, many metabolic pathways involve oxidization of glutathione, resulting in an imbalance in cellular homeostasis. Impairment of glutathione function in the brain is linked to loss of neurons during the aging process or as the result of neurological diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. The exact mechanisms through which glutathione regulates brain metabolism are not well understood. In this review, we will highlight the common signaling cascades that regulate glutathione in neurons and glia, its functions as a neuronal regulator in homeostasis and metabolism, and finally a mechanistic recapitulation of glutathione signaling. Together, these will put glutathione’s role in normal aging and neurological disorders development into perspective. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:30:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df9da3a3aa8a4df29ac64f5fffed7afb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:30:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-df9da3a3aa8a4df29ac64f5fffed7afb2023-11-23T12:00:02ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-01-0127132410.3390/molecules27010324Glutathione in Brain Disorders and AgingIgor Y. Iskusnykh0Anastasia A. Zakharova1Dhruba Pathak2Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USADepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov St. 1, 117997 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USAGlutathione is a remarkably functional molecule with diverse features, which include being an antioxidant, a regulator of DNA synthesis and repair, a protector of thiol groups in proteins, a stabilizer of cell membranes, and a detoxifier of xenobiotics. Glutathione exists in two states—oxidized and reduced. Under normal physiological conditions of cellular homeostasis, glutathione remains primarily in its reduced form. However, many metabolic pathways involve oxidization of glutathione, resulting in an imbalance in cellular homeostasis. Impairment of glutathione function in the brain is linked to loss of neurons during the aging process or as the result of neurological diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. The exact mechanisms through which glutathione regulates brain metabolism are not well understood. In this review, we will highlight the common signaling cascades that regulate glutathione in neurons and glia, its functions as a neuronal regulator in homeostasis and metabolism, and finally a mechanistic recapitulation of glutathione signaling. Together, these will put glutathione’s role in normal aging and neurological disorders development into perspective.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/1/324glutathionebrainagingdisordersneuron |
| spellingShingle | Igor Y. Iskusnykh Anastasia A. Zakharova Dhruba Pathak Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging Molecules glutathione brain aging disorders neuron |
| title | Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging |
| title_full | Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging |
| title_fullStr | Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging |
| title_short | Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging |
| title_sort | glutathione in brain disorders and aging |
| topic | glutathione brain aging disorders neuron |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/1/324 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT igoryiskusnykh glutathioneinbraindisordersandaging AT anastasiaazakharova glutathioneinbraindisordersandaging AT dhrubapathak glutathioneinbraindisordersandaging |