Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism in plants that confers enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. SAR is activated in the uninfected systemic (distal) organs in response to a prior (primary) infection elsewhere in the plant. SAR is associated with the ac...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2013-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2013.00030/full |
| _version_ | 1818907998743953408 |
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| author | Jyoti eShah Jürgen eZeier |
| author_facet | Jyoti eShah Jürgen eZeier |
| author_sort | Jyoti eShah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism in plants that confers enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. SAR is activated in the uninfected systemic (distal) organs in response to a prior (primary) infection elsewhere in the plant. SAR is associated with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and the priming of defense responses for robust activation in response to subsequent infections. The activation of SAR requires communication by the primary infected tissues with the distal organs. The vasculature functions as a conduit for the translocation of factors that facilitate long-distance intra-plant communication. In recent years, several metabolites putatively involved in long-distance signaling have been identified. These include the methyl ester of SA (MeSA), the abietane diterpenoid dehydroabietinal (DA), the dicarboxylic acid azelaic acid (AzA), and a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-dependent factor. Long-distance signaling by some of these metabolites also requires the lipid-transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE 1). The relative contribution of these factors in long-distance signaling is likely influenced by environmental conditions, for example light. In the systemic leaves, the AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1)-dependent production of the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip), FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) signaling, as well as SA synthesis and downstream signaling are required for the activation of SAR. This review summarizes the involvement and interaction between long-distance SAR signals and details the recently discovered role of Pip in defense amplification and priming that allows plants to acquire immunity at the systemic level. Recent advances in SA signaling and perception are also highlighted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T22:04:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dfbdc3e26c104a9db8404388585bafc4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T22:04:02Z |
| publishDate | 2013-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-dfbdc3e26c104a9db8404388585bafc42022-12-21T20:04:04ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2013-02-01410.3389/fpls.2013.0003043095Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired ResistanceJyoti eShah0Jürgen eZeier1University of North TexasHeinrich-Heine-UniversitySystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism in plants that confers enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. SAR is activated in the uninfected systemic (distal) organs in response to a prior (primary) infection elsewhere in the plant. SAR is associated with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and the priming of defense responses for robust activation in response to subsequent infections. The activation of SAR requires communication by the primary infected tissues with the distal organs. The vasculature functions as a conduit for the translocation of factors that facilitate long-distance intra-plant communication. In recent years, several metabolites putatively involved in long-distance signaling have been identified. These include the methyl ester of SA (MeSA), the abietane diterpenoid dehydroabietinal (DA), the dicarboxylic acid azelaic acid (AzA), and a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-dependent factor. Long-distance signaling by some of these metabolites also requires the lipid-transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE 1). The relative contribution of these factors in long-distance signaling is likely influenced by environmental conditions, for example light. In the systemic leaves, the AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1)-dependent production of the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip), FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) signaling, as well as SA synthesis and downstream signaling are required for the activation of SAR. This review summarizes the involvement and interaction between long-distance SAR signals and details the recently discovered role of Pip in defense amplification and priming that allows plants to acquire immunity at the systemic level. Recent advances in SA signaling and perception are also highlighted.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2013.00030/fullglycerol-3-phosphateAzelaic aciddehydroabietinalmethyl salicylatepipecolic acidDIR1 |
| spellingShingle | Jyoti eShah Jürgen eZeier Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance Frontiers in Plant Science glycerol-3-phosphate Azelaic acid dehydroabietinal methyl salicylate pipecolic acid DIR1 |
| title | Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance |
| title_full | Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance |
| title_fullStr | Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance |
| title_short | Long-Distance Communication and Signal Amplification in Systemic Acquired Resistance |
| title_sort | long distance communication and signal amplification in systemic acquired resistance |
| topic | glycerol-3-phosphate Azelaic acid dehydroabietinal methyl salicylate pipecolic acid DIR1 |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2013.00030/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jyotieshah longdistancecommunicationandsignalamplificationinsystemicacquiredresistance AT jurgenezeier longdistancecommunicationandsignalamplificationinsystemicacquiredresistance |