Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance
The aims of the present investigation were (i) to determine psychological relapses of COVID-19 booster vaccine; (ii) to identify the determining factors affecting willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine; and (iii) to study the relationship among emotional characteristics (anxiety, stress, depression...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/3/481 |
| _version_ | 1797441114548994048 |
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| author | Andrea De Giorgio Goran Kuvačić Dražen Maleš Ignazio Vecchio Cristina Tornali Wadih Ishac Tiziana Ramaci Massimiliano Barattucci Boris Milavić |
| author_facet | Andrea De Giorgio Goran Kuvačić Dražen Maleš Ignazio Vecchio Cristina Tornali Wadih Ishac Tiziana Ramaci Massimiliano Barattucci Boris Milavić |
| author_sort | Andrea De Giorgio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aims of the present investigation were (i) to determine psychological relapses of COVID-19 booster vaccine; (ii) to identify the determining factors affecting willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine; and (iii) to study the relationship among emotional characteristics (anxiety, stress, depression, optimism), social media information, and the mandatory political choices (i.e., green-pass) in Croatian people. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted for 1003 participants (median age: 40 years) from Croatia during December 2021. Results showed a significant association between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants in all sociodemographic variables, except for gender (<i>p</i> = 0.905). For psychological variables, significant differences were found only for levels of optimism (<i>p</i> < 0.001). People with a postgraduate degree (OR: 2.25, [1.14–4.46], <i>p</i> = 0.020) and PhD (OR: 1.97, [95% CI: 1.01–3.52], <i>p</i> = 0.021) had higher odds of being vaccinated than participants with high school diplomas. Additionally, participants seeking information on TV and radio (OR: 2.35, [1.71–3.23], <i>p</i> < 0.001) or from general practitioner (OR: 2.53, [1.78–3.61], <i>p</i> < 0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated. Conversely, participants seeking information on social networks (OR: 0.36, [0.27–0.49], <i>p</i> < 0.001), general internet/blogs forums (OR: 0.34, [0.22–0.52], <i>p</i> < 0.001), and from friends or acquaintances (OR: 0.66, [0.48–0.91], <i>p</i> = 0.011) had lower odds of being vaccinated. Additionally, results showed that information policies have failed to fully convince the population to vaccinate and that depression (<i>p</i> = 0.491), anxiety (<i>p</i> = 0.220), and stress (<i>p</i> = 0.521) were not determining factors leading to the decision to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Most of the vaccinated participants perceived the green-pass as potentially useful. In contrast, most unvaccinated participants believed that the green-pass is a form of discrimination and not useful (88%). Further and broader research into possible reasons for continuing or undertaking vaccination is needed. It is recommended to introduce a measure of conformism that represents a change of attitude, belief, or behavior in a narrower sense. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:19:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dfce5d5677014affbd4e6b39cadc1f0d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:19:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-dfce5d5677014affbd4e6b39cadc1f0d2023-11-30T22:43:33ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-03-0110348110.3390/vaccines10030481Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional BalanceAndrea De Giorgio0Goran Kuvačić1Dražen Maleš2Ignazio Vecchio3Cristina Tornali4Wadih Ishac5Tiziana Ramaci6Massimiliano Barattucci7Boris Milavić8Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, ItalyFaculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, CroatiaFaculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, ItalySociety of the History of Medicine, 95124 Catania, ItalyPhysical Education Department (PE), College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, QatarFaculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, ItalyDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, ItalyFaculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, CroatiaThe aims of the present investigation were (i) to determine psychological relapses of COVID-19 booster vaccine; (ii) to identify the determining factors affecting willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine; and (iii) to study the relationship among emotional characteristics (anxiety, stress, depression, optimism), social media information, and the mandatory political choices (i.e., green-pass) in Croatian people. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted for 1003 participants (median age: 40 years) from Croatia during December 2021. Results showed a significant association between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants in all sociodemographic variables, except for gender (<i>p</i> = 0.905). For psychological variables, significant differences were found only for levels of optimism (<i>p</i> < 0.001). People with a postgraduate degree (OR: 2.25, [1.14–4.46], <i>p</i> = 0.020) and PhD (OR: 1.97, [95% CI: 1.01–3.52], <i>p</i> = 0.021) had higher odds of being vaccinated than participants with high school diplomas. Additionally, participants seeking information on TV and radio (OR: 2.35, [1.71–3.23], <i>p</i> < 0.001) or from general practitioner (OR: 2.53, [1.78–3.61], <i>p</i> < 0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated. Conversely, participants seeking information on social networks (OR: 0.36, [0.27–0.49], <i>p</i> < 0.001), general internet/blogs forums (OR: 0.34, [0.22–0.52], <i>p</i> < 0.001), and from friends or acquaintances (OR: 0.66, [0.48–0.91], <i>p</i> = 0.011) had lower odds of being vaccinated. Additionally, results showed that information policies have failed to fully convince the population to vaccinate and that depression (<i>p</i> = 0.491), anxiety (<i>p</i> = 0.220), and stress (<i>p</i> = 0.521) were not determining factors leading to the decision to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Most of the vaccinated participants perceived the green-pass as potentially useful. In contrast, most unvaccinated participants believed that the green-pass is a form of discrimination and not useful (88%). Further and broader research into possible reasons for continuing or undertaking vaccination is needed. It is recommended to introduce a measure of conformism that represents a change of attitude, belief, or behavior in a narrower sense.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/3/481willingnessvaccine hesitancyCOVID-19 diseaseboosteranti-vax beliefs |
| spellingShingle | Andrea De Giorgio Goran Kuvačić Dražen Maleš Ignazio Vecchio Cristina Tornali Wadih Ishac Tiziana Ramaci Massimiliano Barattucci Boris Milavić Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance Vaccines willingness vaccine hesitancy COVID-19 disease booster anti-vax beliefs |
| title | Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance |
| title_full | Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance |
| title_fullStr | Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance |
| title_short | Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance |
| title_sort | willingness to receive covid 19 booster vaccine associations between green pass social media information anti vax beliefs and emotional balance |
| topic | willingness vaccine hesitancy COVID-19 disease booster anti-vax beliefs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/3/481 |
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