Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity
In recent years, multiple edible polysaccharides from <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> were mainly isolated with high average molecular weights and exhibited various bioactivities, but it was proven that low-molecular-weight polysaccharides could exert stronger activities due to the superior w...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/5/927 |
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| author | Hai-Yu Ji Juan Yu Jian-Shuang Jiao Xiao-Dan Dong Sha-Sha Yu An-Jun Liu |
| author_facet | Hai-Yu Ji Juan Yu Jian-Shuang Jiao Xiao-Dan Dong Sha-Sha Yu An-Jun Liu |
| author_sort | Hai-Yu Ji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent years, multiple edible polysaccharides from <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> were mainly isolated with high average molecular weights and exhibited various bioactivities, but it was proven that low-molecular-weight polysaccharides could exert stronger activities due to the superior water solubility and permeability. In the present study, the water-soluble polysaccharide <i>C. pilosula</i> with low molecular weight was isolated under ultrasonic assistance at 30 °C, the extraction process was optimized via response surface method (RSM), and the structure and immunoregulatory activity were further investigated. The maximum yield (4.86%) for crude polysaccharides (cCPPs) was obtained under following parameters: ultrasonic power of 370 W, liquid/material ratio of 33 mL/g, ultrasonic time of 81 min. Subsequently, the cCPPs were further purified through dialysis and Sephadex G-25 column to acquire purified polysaccharide (CPPs). Structural analysis indicated that CPPs was a glucofructan (average molecular weight of 4.23 × 10<sup>3</sup> Da) with (2→1)-β-D-Fru<i>f</i> and (1→)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i> as the backbone branched by (2→6)-β-D-Fru<i>f</i>. Additionally, CPPs could enhance immunoregulatory function by stimulating NO production and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) secretion of RAW264.7 macrophages dose-dependently, which presented no cytotoxic effects. These data suggest that CPPs have the potential to be used as a nutritional dietary compound and natural immunostimulant supplement in the food industry. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:27:37Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-dfd4154c54c442ff885a6cb898fe39c92023-11-23T23:31:57ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-02-0114592710.3390/nu14050927Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory ActivityHai-Yu Ji0Juan Yu1Jian-Shuang Jiao2Xiao-Dan Dong3Sha-Sha Yu4An-Jun Liu5College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic Development Area, Tianjin 300457, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic Development Area, Tianjin 300457, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic Development Area, Tianjin 300457, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic Development Area, Tianjin 300457, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic Development Area, Tianjin 300457, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic Development Area, Tianjin 300457, ChinaIn recent years, multiple edible polysaccharides from <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> were mainly isolated with high average molecular weights and exhibited various bioactivities, but it was proven that low-molecular-weight polysaccharides could exert stronger activities due to the superior water solubility and permeability. In the present study, the water-soluble polysaccharide <i>C. pilosula</i> with low molecular weight was isolated under ultrasonic assistance at 30 °C, the extraction process was optimized via response surface method (RSM), and the structure and immunoregulatory activity were further investigated. The maximum yield (4.86%) for crude polysaccharides (cCPPs) was obtained under following parameters: ultrasonic power of 370 W, liquid/material ratio of 33 mL/g, ultrasonic time of 81 min. Subsequently, the cCPPs were further purified through dialysis and Sephadex G-25 column to acquire purified polysaccharide (CPPs). Structural analysis indicated that CPPs was a glucofructan (average molecular weight of 4.23 × 10<sup>3</sup> Da) with (2→1)-β-D-Fru<i>f</i> and (1→)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i> as the backbone branched by (2→6)-β-D-Fru<i>f</i>. Additionally, CPPs could enhance immunoregulatory function by stimulating NO production and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) secretion of RAW264.7 macrophages dose-dependently, which presented no cytotoxic effects. These data suggest that CPPs have the potential to be used as a nutritional dietary compound and natural immunostimulant supplement in the food industry.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/5/927<i>C. pilosula</i> glucofructanstructural characteristicsimmunoregulatory activity |
| spellingShingle | Hai-Yu Ji Juan Yu Jian-Shuang Jiao Xiao-Dan Dong Sha-Sha Yu An-Jun Liu Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity Nutrients <i>C. pilosula</i> glucofructan structural characteristics immunoregulatory activity |
| title | Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity |
| title_full | Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity |
| title_fullStr | Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity |
| title_short | Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity |
| title_sort | ultrasonic assisted extraction of i codonopsis pilosula i glucofructan optimization structure and immunoregulatory activity |
| topic | <i>C. pilosula</i> glucofructan structural characteristics immunoregulatory activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/5/927 |
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