Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the CNS environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopm...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Children |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/11/1767 |
| _version_ | 1797459774376247296 |
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| author | Jeffery Bettag Daniel Goldenberg Jasmine Carter Sylvia Morfin Alison Borsotti James Fox Matthew ReVeal Dylan Natrop David Gosser Sree Kolli Ajay K. Jain |
| author_facet | Jeffery Bettag Daniel Goldenberg Jasmine Carter Sylvia Morfin Alison Borsotti James Fox Matthew ReVeal Dylan Natrop David Gosser Sree Kolli Ajay K. Jain |
| author_sort | Jeffery Bettag |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the CNS environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. This review aims to summarize the mounting evidence indicating that, not only is the Gut–Brain axis mediated by metabolites and microglia throughout an organism’s lifetime, but it is also influenced prenatally by maternal microbiome and diet, which holds implications for both early neuropathology and neurodevelopment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:56:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dffa2461446345308981129ae0ab8f39 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:56:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj.art-dffa2461446345308981129ae0ab8f392023-11-24T14:35:48ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672023-10-011011176710.3390/children10111767Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNSJeffery Bettag0Daniel Goldenberg1Jasmine Carter2Sylvia Morfin3Alison Borsotti4James Fox5Matthew ReVeal6Dylan Natrop7David Gosser8Sree Kolli9Ajay K. Jain10Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USAMedical College of Wisconsin-Green Bay, De Pere, WI 54115, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USAThe brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the CNS environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. This review aims to summarize the mounting evidence indicating that, not only is the Gut–Brain axis mediated by metabolites and microglia throughout an organism’s lifetime, but it is also influenced prenatally by maternal microbiome and diet, which holds implications for both early neuropathology and neurodevelopment.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/11/1767microgliagut microbiomeGut–Brain axismetaboliteneurodevelopment |
| spellingShingle | Jeffery Bettag Daniel Goldenberg Jasmine Carter Sylvia Morfin Alison Borsotti James Fox Matthew ReVeal Dylan Natrop David Gosser Sree Kolli Ajay K. Jain Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS Children microglia gut microbiome Gut–Brain axis metabolite neurodevelopment |
| title | Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS |
| title_full | Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS |
| title_fullStr | Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS |
| title_short | Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS |
| title_sort | gut microbiota to microglia microbiome influences neurodevelopment in the cns |
| topic | microglia gut microbiome Gut–Brain axis metabolite neurodevelopment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/11/1767 |
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