Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Global warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues today. Our study aimed to investigate how warming affected plant and soil nematode communities in alpine meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau over the past seven years. An artificial warming experiment with different gradients was con...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1596 |
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| author | Yanfang Liu Wenying Wang Pan Liu Huakun Zhou Zhe Chen Ji Suonan |
| author_facet | Yanfang Liu Wenying Wang Pan Liu Huakun Zhou Zhe Chen Ji Suonan |
| author_sort | Yanfang Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Global warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues today. Our study aimed to investigate how warming affected plant and soil nematode communities in alpine meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau over the past seven years. An artificial warming experiment with different gradients was conducted from 2011 to 2018, including temperature increases of 0 °C (CK), 0.53 °C (A), 1.15 °C (B), 2.07 °C (C), and 2.17 °C (D), respectively. Cyperaceae plants were shown to be eliminated by increasing temperature, and plant community composition tended to cluster differently under different warming gradients. The number of nematodes decreased with the increase in soil depth, and the majority of them were observed in the topsoil layer. The individual densities of soil nematodes were 197 ind.·100 g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil at 10–20 cm and 188 ind.·100 g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil at 20–30 cm in the A treatment, which was significantly higher than the CK (53 and 67 ind.·100 g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The lowest relative abundance of bacterivore nematodes (Ba) was 31.31% in treatment A and reached the highest of 47.14% under the warming gradient of D (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The abundance of plant parasitic nematodes (Pp) was significantly reduced to 26.03% by excessive warming (2.17 °C increase) in comparison to CK (41.65%). The soil nematode community had the highest diversity with a 0.53 °C increase in soil temperature; 1.15 °C warming gradients were lower, and nematode communities tended to be simplified (<i>p</i> < 0.05). All nematode channel ratio (NCR) values were above 0.5, indicating that warming did not change the decomposition pathway of soil organic matter dominated by the bacterial channels. The Wasilewska Index (WI) in the D treatment increased significantly compared to other treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating that the mineralized pathway of the food web was primarily involved with Ba and fungivores nematodes (Fu), which is conducive to the growth of micro-biophagous nematodes. The plant parasite index (PPI) decreased significantly in the D treatment compared with other treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating that a high warming gradient caused a reduction in the maturity of Pp nematodes. The maturity index (MI) increased in the D treatment compared with A, B, and C treatments, indicating that overheating affected the nematode community in the later stage of succession and caused the soil to be less disturbed. A partial least squares path model (PLSPM) showed that warming indirectly affects Fu and Pp diversity by directly impacting the plant community as well as indirectly affecting Ba by directly affecting soil properties. In conclusion, plant diversity and community composition profoundly affect the soil nematode communities, thus reflecting the dynamic processes and evolution of soil ecosystems. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e0001110071a493aadb344c4d27104562023-11-24T03:48:00ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-10-011111159610.3390/biology11111596Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan PlateauYanfang Liu0Wenying Wang1Pan Liu2Huakun Zhou3Zhe Chen4Ji Suonan5The College of Geography Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaThe College of Geography Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaKey Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Region of Qinghai Province, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaGlobal warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues today. Our study aimed to investigate how warming affected plant and soil nematode communities in alpine meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau over the past seven years. An artificial warming experiment with different gradients was conducted from 2011 to 2018, including temperature increases of 0 °C (CK), 0.53 °C (A), 1.15 °C (B), 2.07 °C (C), and 2.17 °C (D), respectively. Cyperaceae plants were shown to be eliminated by increasing temperature, and plant community composition tended to cluster differently under different warming gradients. The number of nematodes decreased with the increase in soil depth, and the majority of them were observed in the topsoil layer. The individual densities of soil nematodes were 197 ind.·100 g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil at 10–20 cm and 188 ind.·100 g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil at 20–30 cm in the A treatment, which was significantly higher than the CK (53 and 67 ind.·100 g<sup>−1</sup> dry soil) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The lowest relative abundance of bacterivore nematodes (Ba) was 31.31% in treatment A and reached the highest of 47.14% under the warming gradient of D (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The abundance of plant parasitic nematodes (Pp) was significantly reduced to 26.03% by excessive warming (2.17 °C increase) in comparison to CK (41.65%). The soil nematode community had the highest diversity with a 0.53 °C increase in soil temperature; 1.15 °C warming gradients were lower, and nematode communities tended to be simplified (<i>p</i> < 0.05). All nematode channel ratio (NCR) values were above 0.5, indicating that warming did not change the decomposition pathway of soil organic matter dominated by the bacterial channels. The Wasilewska Index (WI) in the D treatment increased significantly compared to other treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating that the mineralized pathway of the food web was primarily involved with Ba and fungivores nematodes (Fu), which is conducive to the growth of micro-biophagous nematodes. The plant parasite index (PPI) decreased significantly in the D treatment compared with other treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating that a high warming gradient caused a reduction in the maturity of Pp nematodes. The maturity index (MI) increased in the D treatment compared with A, B, and C treatments, indicating that overheating affected the nematode community in the later stage of succession and caused the soil to be less disturbed. A partial least squares path model (PLSPM) showed that warming indirectly affects Fu and Pp diversity by directly impacting the plant community as well as indirectly affecting Ba by directly affecting soil properties. In conclusion, plant diversity and community composition profoundly affect the soil nematode communities, thus reflecting the dynamic processes and evolution of soil ecosystems.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1596climate warmingplant diversitysoil nematode communitiesQinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| spellingShingle | Yanfang Liu Wenying Wang Pan Liu Huakun Zhou Zhe Chen Ji Suonan Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Biology climate warming plant diversity soil nematode communities Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| title | Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| title_full | Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| title_fullStr | Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| title_short | Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| title_sort | plant soil mediated effects of long term warming on soil nematodes of alpine meadows on the qinghai tibetan plateau |
| topic | climate warming plant diversity soil nematode communities Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1596 |
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