Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area
In this study, we investigate the interactions between particulate matter that have an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ&l...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-01-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/175 |
| _version_ | 1797482897589927936 |
|---|---|
| author | Thomas Plocoste |
| author_facet | Thomas Plocoste |
| author_sort | Thomas Plocoste |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we investigate the interactions between particulate matter that have an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m diameter (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and rainfall (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) in entropy framework. Our results showed there is a bidirectional causality between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentrations and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> values. This means that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentrations influence <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> values while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> induces the wet scavenging process. Rainfall seasonality has a significant impact on the wet scavenging process while African dust seasonality strongly influence <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> behavior. Indeed, the wet scavenging process is 5 times higher during the wet season while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> impact on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is 2.5 times higher during the first part of the high dust season. These results revealed two types of causality: a direct causality (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and an indirect causality (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). All these elements showed that entropy is an efficient way to quantify the behavior of atmospheric processes using ground-based measurements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:39:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e00f709f80be44ca9f87d9d00edef145 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:39:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-e00f709f80be44ca9f87d9d00edef1452023-11-23T18:43:25ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-01-0113217510.3390/atmos13020175Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean AreaThomas Plocoste0Department of Research in Geoscience, KaruSphère SASU, Guadeloupe (F.W.I.), 97139 Abymes, FranceIn this study, we investigate the interactions between particulate matter that have an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m diameter (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and rainfall (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) in entropy framework. Our results showed there is a bidirectional causality between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentrations and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> values. This means that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentrations influence <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> values while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> induces the wet scavenging process. Rainfall seasonality has a significant impact on the wet scavenging process while African dust seasonality strongly influence <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> behavior. Indeed, the wet scavenging process is 5 times higher during the wet season while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> impact on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is 2.5 times higher during the first part of the high dust season. These results revealed two types of causality: a direct causality (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and an indirect causality (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi><mn>10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). All these elements showed that entropy is an efficient way to quantify the behavior of atmospheric processes using ground-based measurements.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/175PM10rainfallaerosol-cloud interactionsentropyCaribbean area |
| spellingShingle | Thomas Plocoste Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area Atmosphere PM10 rainfall aerosol-cloud interactions entropy Caribbean area |
| title | Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area |
| title_full | Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area |
| title_fullStr | Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area |
| title_short | Detecting the Causal Nexus between Particulate Matter (<i>PM</i>10) and Rainfall in the Caribbean Area |
| title_sort | detecting the causal nexus between particulate matter i pm i 10 and rainfall in the caribbean area |
| topic | PM10 rainfall aerosol-cloud interactions entropy Caribbean area |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/175 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT thomasplocoste detectingthecausalnexusbetweenparticulatematteripmi10andrainfallinthecaribbeanarea |