Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence
Exposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (<i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i> Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and decreased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-12-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/65 |
| _version_ | 1797543115266981888 |
|---|---|
| author | Jannis Straube Yun-Hao Chen Bishnu P. Khanal Alain Shumbusho Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl Kiran Suresh Lukas Schreiber Moritz Knoche Thomas Debener |
| author_facet | Jannis Straube Yun-Hao Chen Bishnu P. Khanal Alain Shumbusho Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl Kiran Suresh Lukas Schreiber Moritz Knoche Thomas Debener |
| author_sort | Jannis Straube |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (<i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i> Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and decreased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermis, but only after discontinuation of moisture exposure. Expressions of selected genes involved in cutin, wax and suberin synthesis were quantified, as were the wax, cutin and suberin compositions. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In Phase I (31 days after full bloom) the fruit surface was exposed to moisture for 6 or 12 d. Phase II was after moisture exposure had been discontinued. Unexposed areas on the same fruit served as unexposed controls. During Phase I, cutin and wax synthesis genes were down-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. During Phase II, suberin synthesis genes were up-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. The expressions of cutin and wax genes in the moisture-exposed patches increased slightly during Phase II, but the levels of expression were much lower than in the control patches. Amounts and compositions of cutin, wax and suberin were consistent with the gene expressions. Thus, moisture-induced russet is a two-step process: moisture exposure reduces cutin and wax synthesis, moisture removal triggers suberin synthesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:40:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e0217829072347a581a2cf2f5585373d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:40:08Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-e0217829072347a581a2cf2f5585373d2023-11-21T03:08:33ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472020-12-011016510.3390/plants10010065Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical EvidenceJannis Straube0Yun-Hao Chen1Bishnu P. Khanal2Alain Shumbusho3Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl4Kiran Suresh5Lukas Schreiber6Moritz Knoche7Thomas Debener8Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, GermanyInstitute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, GermanyInstitute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, GermanyInstitute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, GermanyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, GermanyInstitute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, GermanyExposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (<i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i> Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and decreased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermis, but only after discontinuation of moisture exposure. Expressions of selected genes involved in cutin, wax and suberin synthesis were quantified, as were the wax, cutin and suberin compositions. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In Phase I (31 days after full bloom) the fruit surface was exposed to moisture for 6 or 12 d. Phase II was after moisture exposure had been discontinued. Unexposed areas on the same fruit served as unexposed controls. During Phase I, cutin and wax synthesis genes were down-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. During Phase II, suberin synthesis genes were up-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. The expressions of cutin and wax genes in the moisture-exposed patches increased slightly during Phase II, but the levels of expression were much lower than in the control patches. Amounts and compositions of cutin, wax and suberin were consistent with the gene expressions. Thus, moisture-induced russet is a two-step process: moisture exposure reduces cutin and wax synthesis, moisture removal triggers suberin synthesis.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/65russetcuticleperiderm<i>Malus × domestica</i>cutinwax |
| spellingShingle | Jannis Straube Yun-Hao Chen Bishnu P. Khanal Alain Shumbusho Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl Kiran Suresh Lukas Schreiber Moritz Knoche Thomas Debener Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence Plants russet cuticle periderm <i>Malus × domestica</i> cutin wax |
| title | Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence |
| title_full | Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence |
| title_fullStr | Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence |
| title_short | Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence |
| title_sort | russeting in apple is initiated after exposure to moisture ends molecular and biochemical evidence |
| topic | russet cuticle periderm <i>Malus × domestica</i> cutin wax |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/65 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jannisstraube russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT yunhaochen russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT bishnupkhanal russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT alainshumbusho russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT viktoriazeislerdiehl russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT kiransuresh russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT lukasschreiber russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT moritzknoche russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence AT thomasdebener russetinginappleisinitiatedafterexposuretomoistureendsmolecularandbiochemicalevidence |