Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models
This review outlines the propensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS) to induce elevated disease severity, higher mortality rates post-infection, and poor vaccination outcomes for viral pathogens. MetS is a cluster of conditions including high blood glucose, an increase in circulating low-density lipopr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015563/full |
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| author | Elizabeth Geerling Muddassar Hameed Muddassar Hameed James Weger-Lucarelli James Weger-Lucarelli Amelia K. Pinto |
| author_facet | Elizabeth Geerling Muddassar Hameed Muddassar Hameed James Weger-Lucarelli James Weger-Lucarelli Amelia K. Pinto |
| author_sort | Elizabeth Geerling |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review outlines the propensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS) to induce elevated disease severity, higher mortality rates post-infection, and poor vaccination outcomes for viral pathogens. MetS is a cluster of conditions including high blood glucose, an increase in circulating low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure which often overlap in their occurrence. MetS diagnoses are on the rise, as reported cases have increased by greater than 35% since 1988, resulting in one-third of United States adults currently diagnosed as MetS patients. In the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a link between MetS and disease severity was established. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to illuminate the impact of MetS on enhancing virally induced morbidity and dysregulation of the host immune response. These correlative studies have emphasized the need for elucidating the mechanisms by which these alterations occur, and animal studies conducted as early as the 1940s have linked the conditions associated with MetS with enhanced viral disease severity and poor vaccine outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of considering overall metabolic health in terms of cholesterolemia, glycemia, triglyceridemia, insulin and other metabolic molecules, along with blood pressure levels and obesity when studying the impact of metabolism-related malignancies on immune function. We highlight the novel insights that small animal models have provided for MetS-associated immune dysfunction following viral infection. Such animal models of aberrant metabolism have paved the way for our current understanding of MetS and its impact on viral disease severity, dysregulated immune responses to viral pathogens, poor vaccination outcomes, and contributions to the emergence of viral variants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:37:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e02b26c3e7894f33825b70276ec0fabf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:37:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e02b26c3e7894f33825b70276ec0fabf2022-12-22T04:36:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-11-011310.3389/fimmu.2022.10155631015563Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal modelsElizabeth Geerling0Muddassar Hameed1Muddassar Hameed2James Weger-Lucarelli3James Weger-Lucarelli4Amelia K. Pinto5Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United StatesCenter for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United StatesCenter for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United StatesDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United StatesThis review outlines the propensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS) to induce elevated disease severity, higher mortality rates post-infection, and poor vaccination outcomes for viral pathogens. MetS is a cluster of conditions including high blood glucose, an increase in circulating low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure which often overlap in their occurrence. MetS diagnoses are on the rise, as reported cases have increased by greater than 35% since 1988, resulting in one-third of United States adults currently diagnosed as MetS patients. In the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a link between MetS and disease severity was established. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to illuminate the impact of MetS on enhancing virally induced morbidity and dysregulation of the host immune response. These correlative studies have emphasized the need for elucidating the mechanisms by which these alterations occur, and animal studies conducted as early as the 1940s have linked the conditions associated with MetS with enhanced viral disease severity and poor vaccine outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of considering overall metabolic health in terms of cholesterolemia, glycemia, triglyceridemia, insulin and other metabolic molecules, along with blood pressure levels and obesity when studying the impact of metabolism-related malignancies on immune function. We highlight the novel insights that small animal models have provided for MetS-associated immune dysfunction following viral infection. Such animal models of aberrant metabolism have paved the way for our current understanding of MetS and its impact on viral disease severity, dysregulated immune responses to viral pathogens, poor vaccination outcomes, and contributions to the emergence of viral variants.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015563/fullmetabolic syndromeobesitytype 2 diabeteshypertensiondyslipidemiavaccination |
| spellingShingle | Elizabeth Geerling Muddassar Hameed Muddassar Hameed James Weger-Lucarelli James Weger-Lucarelli Amelia K. Pinto Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models Frontiers in Immunology metabolic syndrome obesity type 2 diabetes hypertension dyslipidemia vaccination |
| title | Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models |
| title_full | Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models |
| title_fullStr | Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models |
| title_short | Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models |
| title_sort | metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination insights from small animal models |
| topic | metabolic syndrome obesity type 2 diabetes hypertension dyslipidemia vaccination |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015563/full |
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