Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) requires wireless connectivity that meets the strict industrial requirements on metrics such as reliability and latency. Promising approaches include Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) media access, where nodes operate according to a schedule. Autonomously b...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2023-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10011227/ |
| _version_ | 1797902254333755392 |
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| author | Andreas R. Urke Oivind Kure Knut Ovsthus |
| author_facet | Andreas R. Urke Oivind Kure Knut Ovsthus |
| author_sort | Andreas R. Urke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) requires wireless connectivity that meets the strict industrial requirements on metrics such as reliability and latency. Promising approaches include Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) media access, where nodes operate according to a schedule. Autonomously built schedules typically rely on shared resources, where reliability and latency may suffer depending on traffic scenarios and topologies. We have earlier proposed the Layered scheduler, which belongs to a new category of autonomous schedulers: Flow-based scheduling. Layered allocates resources to traffic flows, and as opposed to typical autonomous schedulers, dedicated resources are guaranteed to be scheduled at every hop from source to destination in a convergecast scenario. In addition, Layered minimizes the number of channels required through the novel employment of autonomous spatial reuse. We extend earlier theoretical analysis and simulations by evaluating Layered using the FIT IoT-LAB testbed and compare it to Orchestra and 6TiSCH Minimal scheduler. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of spatial reuse and that Layered retains performance independent of network topology and traffic intensity - a desirable feature in industrial scenarios. The performance comes at the expense of energy consumption, which in the worst case is 75 % higher compared to Orchestra and Minimal. We also present lessons learned, such as the impact of TSCH configuration on RPL convergence, the benefits of black-listing on performance, and how co-located TSCH networks could be divided by channel offsets as opposed to physical channels. Lastly, we discuss flow-based scheduling in general, its properties, and future research areas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T09:14:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e0506534289045b8a933abfc06b00fe0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T09:14:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-e0506534289045b8a933abfc06b00fe02023-02-21T00:02:27ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362023-01-01113970398210.1109/ACCESS.2023.323526710011227Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH SchedulerAndreas R. Urke0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3461-6239Oivind Kure1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6299-0204Knut Ovsthus2Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NorwayFaculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, NorwayThe Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) requires wireless connectivity that meets the strict industrial requirements on metrics such as reliability and latency. Promising approaches include Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) media access, where nodes operate according to a schedule. Autonomously built schedules typically rely on shared resources, where reliability and latency may suffer depending on traffic scenarios and topologies. We have earlier proposed the Layered scheduler, which belongs to a new category of autonomous schedulers: Flow-based scheduling. Layered allocates resources to traffic flows, and as opposed to typical autonomous schedulers, dedicated resources are guaranteed to be scheduled at every hop from source to destination in a convergecast scenario. In addition, Layered minimizes the number of channels required through the novel employment of autonomous spatial reuse. We extend earlier theoretical analysis and simulations by evaluating Layered using the FIT IoT-LAB testbed and compare it to Orchestra and 6TiSCH Minimal scheduler. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of spatial reuse and that Layered retains performance independent of network topology and traffic intensity - a desirable feature in industrial scenarios. The performance comes at the expense of energy consumption, which in the worst case is 75 % higher compared to Orchestra and Minimal. We also present lessons learned, such as the impact of TSCH configuration on RPL convergence, the benefits of black-listing on performance, and how co-located TSCH networks could be divided by channel offsets as opposed to physical channels. Lastly, we discuss flow-based scheduling in general, its properties, and future research areas.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10011227/TSCHautonomous schedulingIIoTIEEE 802.15.4MAC |
| spellingShingle | Andreas R. Urke Oivind Kure Knut Ovsthus Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler IEEE Access TSCH autonomous scheduling IIoT IEEE 802.15.4 MAC |
| title | Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler |
| title_full | Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler |
| title_short | Experimental Evaluation of the Layered Flow-Based Autonomous TSCH Scheduler |
| title_sort | experimental evaluation of the layered flow based autonomous tsch scheduler |
| topic | TSCH autonomous scheduling IIoT IEEE 802.15.4 MAC |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10011227/ |
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