Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation
Ammonium in landfill leachates is a major contributor to environmental degradation if not effectively treated. However, it could be converted to a valuable fertilizer when it is co-precipitated with phosphate and magnesium as struvite. Low-cost magnesium and phosphate sources are sought to offset th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1933 |
| _version_ | 1797481292430835712 |
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| author | Hussein Rayshouni Mahmoud Wazne |
| author_facet | Hussein Rayshouni Mahmoud Wazne |
| author_sort | Hussein Rayshouni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ammonium in landfill leachates is a major contributor to environmental degradation if not effectively treated. However, it could be converted to a valuable fertilizer when it is co-precipitated with phosphate and magnesium as struvite. Low-cost magnesium and phosphate sources are sought to offset the co-precipitation treatment costs, but most of the identified alternative magnesium sources have significant amounts of calcium, which may negatively impact the ammonium removal rates. In this study, the effects of calcium on ammonium removal from high-strength aged field landfill leachate as struvite were investigated. Laboratory-scale batch tests were conducted to assess the effects of the pH, Mg<sup>2+</sup>:NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup>:Mg<sup>2+</sup> molar ratios on ammonium removal. Magnesium chloride salt was used as a model dissolved magnesium source, whereas different compounds derived from dolomite (CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) were used as model solid-phase magnesium sources. X-ray powder diffraction and activity ratio diagrams were used to delineate the ammonium removal mechanisms and struvite stability. The ammonium removal rate of the magnesium salt decreased from approximately 97% to 70%, upon increasing the Ca<sup>2+</sup>:Mg<sup>2+</sup> molar ratio from 0 to 1.0, for the Mg<sup>2+</sup>:NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> molar ratio of 1.25:1:1.25 and pH = 9.5. For similar pH values, as well as the Mg<sup>2+</sup>:NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>:Mg<sup>2+</sup> molar ratios, the ammonium removal rates by the dolomite-derived compounds reached up to 55%, which highlighted the limited availability of magnesium in solid phases, in addition to the negative impacts of calcium. The diffractometric analysis and thermodynamic calculations revealed the stable regions of struvite in the presence of competing solid phases. The new findings in this study could aid in the design of ammonium and phosphate removal and recovery systems by struvite precipitation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:12:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e05778583545466bb387af0baf692b50 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:12:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-e05778583545466bb387af0baf692b502023-11-23T19:29:57ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-06-011412193310.3390/w14121933Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite PrecipitationHussein Rayshouni0Mahmoud Wazne1Civil Engineering, Lebanese American University, 301 Bassil Building, Byblos P.O. Box 36, LebanonCivil Engineering, Lebanese American University, 301 Bassil Building, Byblos P.O. Box 36, LebanonAmmonium in landfill leachates is a major contributor to environmental degradation if not effectively treated. However, it could be converted to a valuable fertilizer when it is co-precipitated with phosphate and magnesium as struvite. Low-cost magnesium and phosphate sources are sought to offset the co-precipitation treatment costs, but most of the identified alternative magnesium sources have significant amounts of calcium, which may negatively impact the ammonium removal rates. In this study, the effects of calcium on ammonium removal from high-strength aged field landfill leachate as struvite were investigated. Laboratory-scale batch tests were conducted to assess the effects of the pH, Mg<sup>2+</sup>:NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup>:Mg<sup>2+</sup> molar ratios on ammonium removal. Magnesium chloride salt was used as a model dissolved magnesium source, whereas different compounds derived from dolomite (CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) were used as model solid-phase magnesium sources. X-ray powder diffraction and activity ratio diagrams were used to delineate the ammonium removal mechanisms and struvite stability. The ammonium removal rate of the magnesium salt decreased from approximately 97% to 70%, upon increasing the Ca<sup>2+</sup>:Mg<sup>2+</sup> molar ratio from 0 to 1.0, for the Mg<sup>2+</sup>:NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> molar ratio of 1.25:1:1.25 and pH = 9.5. For similar pH values, as well as the Mg<sup>2+</sup>:NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>:PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>:Mg<sup>2+</sup> molar ratios, the ammonium removal rates by the dolomite-derived compounds reached up to 55%, which highlighted the limited availability of magnesium in solid phases, in addition to the negative impacts of calcium. The diffractometric analysis and thermodynamic calculations revealed the stable regions of struvite in the presence of competing solid phases. The new findings in this study could aid in the design of ammonium and phosphate removal and recovery systems by struvite precipitation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1933landfill leachateammoniumstruvitedolomiteactivity ratio diagram |
| spellingShingle | Hussein Rayshouni Mahmoud Wazne Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation Water landfill leachate ammonium struvite dolomite activity ratio diagram |
| title | Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation |
| title_full | Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation |
| title_short | Effects of Calcium on the Removal of Ammonium from Aged Landfill Leachate by Struvite Precipitation |
| title_sort | effects of calcium on the removal of ammonium from aged landfill leachate by struvite precipitation |
| topic | landfill leachate ammonium struvite dolomite activity ratio diagram |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1933 |
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