Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients
Background. Previous studies have shown that environmental cadmium exposure could disrupt salivary gland function and is associated with dental caries and reduced bone density. Therefore, this cross-sectional study attempted to determine whether tooth decay with tooth loss following cadmium exposure...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/4/413 |
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| author | Hui-Ling Chen Jason Chen-Chieh Fang Chia-Jung Chang Ti-Feng Wu I-Kuan Wang Jen-Fen Fu Ya-Ching Huang Ju-Shao Yen Cheng-Hao Weng Tzung-Hai Yen |
| author_facet | Hui-Ling Chen Jason Chen-Chieh Fang Chia-Jung Chang Ti-Feng Wu I-Kuan Wang Jen-Fen Fu Ya-Ching Huang Ju-Shao Yen Cheng-Hao Weng Tzung-Hai Yen |
| author_sort | Hui-Ling Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background. Previous studies have shown that environmental cadmium exposure could disrupt salivary gland function and is associated with dental caries and reduced bone density. Therefore, this cross-sectional study attempted to determine whether tooth decay with tooth loss following cadmium exposure is associated with some dental or skeletal traits such as malocclusions, sagittal skeletal pattern, and tooth decay. Methods. Between August 2019 and June 2020, 60 orthodontic patients with no history of previous orthodontics, functional appliances, or surgical treatment were examined. The patients were stratified into two groups according to their urine cadmium concentrations: high (>1.06 µg/g creatinine, <i>n</i> = 28) or low (<1.06 µg/g creatinine, <i>n</i> = 32). Results. The patients were 25.07 ± 4.33 years old, and most were female (female/male: 51/9 or 85%). The skeletal relationship was mainly Class I (48.3%), followed by Class II (35.0%) and Class III (16.7%). Class I molar relationships were found in 46.7% of these patients, Class II molar relationships were found in 15%, and Class III molar relationships were found in 38.3%. The mean decayed, missing, and filled surface (DMFS) score was 8.05 ± 5.54, including 2.03 ± 3.11 for the decayed index, 0.58 ± 1.17 for the missing index, and 5.52 ± 3.92 for the filled index. The mean index of complexity outcome and need (ICON) score was 53.35 ± 9.01. The facial patterns of these patients were within the average low margin (26.65 ± 5.53 for Frankfort–mandibular plane angle (FMA)). There were no significant differences in the above-mentioned dental indices between patients with high urine cadmium concentrations and those with low urine cadmium concentrations. Patients were further stratified into low (<27, <i>n</i> = 34), average (27–34, <i>n</i> = 23), and high (>34, <i>n</i> = 3) FMA groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the urine cadmium concentration among the three groups. Nevertheless, a marginally significant <i>p</i>-value of 0.05 for urine cadmium concentration was noted between patients with low FMA and patients with high FMA. Conclusion. This analysis found no association between environmental cadmium exposure and dental indices in our orthodontic patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:39:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e083c8b482014eddb5a63d66562e08cc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9032 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:39:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e083c8b482014eddb5a63d66562e08cc2023-11-21T14:05:17ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322021-04-019441310.3390/healthcare9040413Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic PatientsHui-Ling Chen0Jason Chen-Chieh Fang1Chia-Jung Chang2Ti-Feng Wu3I-Kuan Wang4Jen-Fen Fu5Ya-Ching Huang6Ju-Shao Yen7Cheng-Hao Weng8Tzung-Hai Yen9Department of Dentistry and Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, TaiwanDepartment of Dentistry and Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanDepartment of Dentistry and Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanDepartment of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, TaiwanDepartment of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanDepartment of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanDepartment of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanDepartment of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, TaiwanBackground. Previous studies have shown that environmental cadmium exposure could disrupt salivary gland function and is associated with dental caries and reduced bone density. Therefore, this cross-sectional study attempted to determine whether tooth decay with tooth loss following cadmium exposure is associated with some dental or skeletal traits such as malocclusions, sagittal skeletal pattern, and tooth decay. Methods. Between August 2019 and June 2020, 60 orthodontic patients with no history of previous orthodontics, functional appliances, or surgical treatment were examined. The patients were stratified into two groups according to their urine cadmium concentrations: high (>1.06 µg/g creatinine, <i>n</i> = 28) or low (<1.06 µg/g creatinine, <i>n</i> = 32). Results. The patients were 25.07 ± 4.33 years old, and most were female (female/male: 51/9 or 85%). The skeletal relationship was mainly Class I (48.3%), followed by Class II (35.0%) and Class III (16.7%). Class I molar relationships were found in 46.7% of these patients, Class II molar relationships were found in 15%, and Class III molar relationships were found in 38.3%. The mean decayed, missing, and filled surface (DMFS) score was 8.05 ± 5.54, including 2.03 ± 3.11 for the decayed index, 0.58 ± 1.17 for the missing index, and 5.52 ± 3.92 for the filled index. The mean index of complexity outcome and need (ICON) score was 53.35 ± 9.01. The facial patterns of these patients were within the average low margin (26.65 ± 5.53 for Frankfort–mandibular plane angle (FMA)). There were no significant differences in the above-mentioned dental indices between patients with high urine cadmium concentrations and those with low urine cadmium concentrations. Patients were further stratified into low (<27, <i>n</i> = 34), average (27–34, <i>n</i> = 23), and high (>34, <i>n</i> = 3) FMA groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the urine cadmium concentration among the three groups. Nevertheless, a marginally significant <i>p</i>-value of 0.05 for urine cadmium concentration was noted between patients with low FMA and patients with high FMA. Conclusion. This analysis found no association between environmental cadmium exposure and dental indices in our orthodontic patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/4/413cadmiumexposuredental cariesorthodontic |
| spellingShingle | Hui-Ling Chen Jason Chen-Chieh Fang Chia-Jung Chang Ti-Feng Wu I-Kuan Wang Jen-Fen Fu Ya-Ching Huang Ju-Shao Yen Cheng-Hao Weng Tzung-Hai Yen Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients Healthcare cadmium exposure dental caries orthodontic |
| title | Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients |
| title_full | Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients |
| title_fullStr | Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients |
| title_short | Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Dental Indices in Orthodontic Patients |
| title_sort | environmental cadmium exposure and dental indices in orthodontic patients |
| topic | cadmium exposure dental caries orthodontic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/4/413 |
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