Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)
IntroductionContraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1319862/full |
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| author | Annemiek Maaskant Annemiek Maaskant Kimberly K. Scarsi Lisette Meijer Sandra Roubos Annet L. Louwerse Edmond J. Remarque Jan A. M. Langermans Jan A. M. Langermans Marieke A. Stammes Jaco Bakker |
| author_facet | Annemiek Maaskant Annemiek Maaskant Kimberly K. Scarsi Lisette Meijer Sandra Roubos Annet L. Louwerse Edmond J. Remarque Jan A. M. Langermans Jan A. M. Langermans Marieke A. Stammes Jaco Bakker |
| author_sort | Annemiek Maaskant |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionContraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent administration. Etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing subdermal implants are reversible and long-acting for a minimum of 3 years, and are commercially available for human use as Implanon® or Nexplanon®.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed detailing the contraceptive effectiveness and reversibility of subdermal placement of one-fourth or one-third of an ENG implant (68 mg/implant) in 129 female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 67 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, Netherlands). Furthermore, single cross-sectional ENG serum concentrations were measured for 16 rhesus and 10 cynomolgus macaques, and hemoglobin and blood chemistry pre-ENG and at timepoints >0.5, >1.5, and > 2.5 years post-ENG insertion were evaluated for 24 rhesus macaques. Finally, data were obtained using trans-abdominal ultrasound regarding the influence of ENG on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in 14 rhesus and 11 cynomolgus macaques.ResultsAs a contraceptive ENG was in 99.80% (CI 93.50–99.99) and 99.95% (CI 99.95–100) effective in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Prolonged ENG durations of implant use in 14 rhesus macaques (range 3.1–5.0 years) and eight cynomolgus macaques (range 3.2–4.0 years) resulted in no unintended pregnancies. A total of 17 female macaques were allowed to breed after ENG removal, and among them, 14 female macaques (82%) had an uneventful delivery. Serum ENG concentrations with a median ENG duration of 1.2 years (range 0.1–6.0 years) and 1.9 years (range 0.6–4.7 years) resulted in median concentrations of 112 pg./mL (range 0–305 pg./mL) and 310 pg./mL (range 183–382 pg./mL) for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. ENG had no clinical effect on hemoglobin and blood chemistry parameters nor on the thickness of the endometrial lining or uterus volume.ConclusionThis study indicates that both one-fourth and one-third of the ENG implants are effective, long-acting, reversible, and safe contraceptive to use in macaques. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T16:08:50Z |
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| id | doaj.art-e08cac1e847e4a218a4086fee4fc7faa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T16:08:50Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-e08cac1e847e4a218a4086fee4fc7faa2024-01-08T04:43:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692024-01-011010.3389/fvets.2023.13198621319862Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)Annemiek Maaskant0Annemiek Maaskant1Kimberly K. Scarsi2Lisette Meijer3Sandra Roubos4Annet L. Louwerse5Edmond J. Remarque6Jan A. M. Langermans7Jan A. M. Langermans8Marieke A. Stammes9Jaco Bakker10Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsDepartment Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NetherlandsDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United StatesBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsDepartment Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NetherlandsBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsBiomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, NetherlandsIntroductionContraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent administration. Etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing subdermal implants are reversible and long-acting for a minimum of 3 years, and are commercially available for human use as Implanon® or Nexplanon®.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed detailing the contraceptive effectiveness and reversibility of subdermal placement of one-fourth or one-third of an ENG implant (68 mg/implant) in 129 female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 67 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, Netherlands). Furthermore, single cross-sectional ENG serum concentrations were measured for 16 rhesus and 10 cynomolgus macaques, and hemoglobin and blood chemistry pre-ENG and at timepoints >0.5, >1.5, and > 2.5 years post-ENG insertion were evaluated for 24 rhesus macaques. Finally, data were obtained using trans-abdominal ultrasound regarding the influence of ENG on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in 14 rhesus and 11 cynomolgus macaques.ResultsAs a contraceptive ENG was in 99.80% (CI 93.50–99.99) and 99.95% (CI 99.95–100) effective in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Prolonged ENG durations of implant use in 14 rhesus macaques (range 3.1–5.0 years) and eight cynomolgus macaques (range 3.2–4.0 years) resulted in no unintended pregnancies. A total of 17 female macaques were allowed to breed after ENG removal, and among them, 14 female macaques (82%) had an uneventful delivery. Serum ENG concentrations with a median ENG duration of 1.2 years (range 0.1–6.0 years) and 1.9 years (range 0.6–4.7 years) resulted in median concentrations of 112 pg./mL (range 0–305 pg./mL) and 310 pg./mL (range 183–382 pg./mL) for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. ENG had no clinical effect on hemoglobin and blood chemistry parameters nor on the thickness of the endometrial lining or uterus volume.ConclusionThis study indicates that both one-fourth and one-third of the ENG implants are effective, long-acting, reversible, and safe contraceptive to use in macaques.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1319862/fullcontraceptionetonogestrelImplanonfertilitylong-acting contraceptionmacaques |
| spellingShingle | Annemiek Maaskant Annemiek Maaskant Kimberly K. Scarsi Lisette Meijer Sandra Roubos Annet L. Louwerse Edmond J. Remarque Jan A. M. Langermans Jan A. M. Langermans Marieke A. Stammes Jaco Bakker Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) Frontiers in Veterinary Science contraception etonogestrel Implanon fertility long-acting contraception macaques |
| title | Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) |
| title_full | Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) |
| title_fullStr | Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) |
| title_short | Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) |
| title_sort | long acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques macaca mulatta and macaca fascicularis |
| topic | contraception etonogestrel Implanon fertility long-acting contraception macaques |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1319862/full |
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