Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells
For innate immune defense, lower animals such as fish and amphibian are covered with skin mucus, which acts as both a mechanical and biochemical barrier. Although several mucus sources have been isolated and studied for their biochemical and immunological functions, the precise mechanism(s) of actio...
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MDPI AG
2015-06-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/6/3936 |
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| author | Choong-Hwan Kwak Sook-Hyun Lee Sung-Kyun Lee Sun-Hyung Ha Seok-Jong Suh Kyung-Min Kwon Tae-Wook Chung Ki-Tae Ha Young-Chae Chang Young-Choon Lee Dong-Soo Kim Hyeun-Wook Chang Cheorl-Ho Kim |
| author_facet | Choong-Hwan Kwak Sook-Hyun Lee Sung-Kyun Lee Sun-Hyung Ha Seok-Jong Suh Kyung-Min Kwon Tae-Wook Chung Ki-Tae Ha Young-Chae Chang Young-Choon Lee Dong-Soo Kim Hyeun-Wook Chang Cheorl-Ho Kim |
| author_sort | Choong-Hwan Kwak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | For innate immune defense, lower animals such as fish and amphibian are covered with skin mucus, which acts as both a mechanical and biochemical barrier. Although several mucus sources have been isolated and studied for their biochemical and immunological functions, the precise mechanism(s) of action remains unknown. In the present study, we additionally found the eel skin mucus (ESM) to be a promising candidate for use in anti-tumor therapy. Our results showed that the viability of K562 cells was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with the isolated ESM. The cleaved forms of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase were increased by ESM. The levels of Bax expression and released cytochrome C were also increased after treatment with ESM. Furthermore, during the ESM mediated-apoptosis, phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and p38 but not JNK were increased and cell viabilities of the co-treated cells with ESM and inhibitors of ERK 1/2 or p38 were also increased. In addition, treatment with lactose rescued the ESM-mediated decrease in cell viability, indicating lactose-containing glycans in the leukemia cells acted as a counterpart of the ESM for interaction. Taken together, these results suggest that ESM could induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through membrane interaction of the K562 human leukemia cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation that ESM has anti-tumor activity in human cells. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:51:51Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:51:51Z |
| publishDate | 2015-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-e08fddeb3db5431a81653746ce03ad072022-12-22T02:07:00ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972015-06-011363936394910.3390/md13063936md13063936Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 CellsChoong-Hwan Kwak0Sook-Hyun Lee1Sung-Kyun Lee2Sun-Hyung Ha3Seok-Jong Suh4Kyung-Min Kwon5Tae-Wook Chung6Ki-Tae Ha7Young-Chae Chang8Young-Choon Lee9Dong-Soo Kim10Hyeun-Wook Chang11Cheorl-Ho Kim12Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaDivision of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-Do 626-770, KoreaDivision of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-Do 626-770, KoreaResearch Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, KoreaCollege of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Sung University, Nam-Gu, Busan, 608-736, KoreaCollege of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, KoreaFor innate immune defense, lower animals such as fish and amphibian are covered with skin mucus, which acts as both a mechanical and biochemical barrier. Although several mucus sources have been isolated and studied for their biochemical and immunological functions, the precise mechanism(s) of action remains unknown. In the present study, we additionally found the eel skin mucus (ESM) to be a promising candidate for use in anti-tumor therapy. Our results showed that the viability of K562 cells was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with the isolated ESM. The cleaved forms of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase were increased by ESM. The levels of Bax expression and released cytochrome C were also increased after treatment with ESM. Furthermore, during the ESM mediated-apoptosis, phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and p38 but not JNK were increased and cell viabilities of the co-treated cells with ESM and inhibitors of ERK 1/2 or p38 were also increased. In addition, treatment with lactose rescued the ESM-mediated decrease in cell viability, indicating lactose-containing glycans in the leukemia cells acted as a counterpart of the ESM for interaction. Taken together, these results suggest that ESM could induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through membrane interaction of the K562 human leukemia cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation that ESM has anti-tumor activity in human cells.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/6/3936mucusAnguilla japonicaapoptosislectin-like proteinglycan |
| spellingShingle | Choong-Hwan Kwak Sook-Hyun Lee Sung-Kyun Lee Sun-Hyung Ha Seok-Jong Suh Kyung-Min Kwon Tae-Wook Chung Ki-Tae Ha Young-Chae Chang Young-Choon Lee Dong-Soo Kim Hyeun-Wook Chang Cheorl-Ho Kim Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells Marine Drugs mucus Anguilla japonica apoptosis lectin-like protein glycan |
| title | Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells |
| title_full | Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells |
| title_fullStr | Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells |
| title_short | Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells |
| title_sort | induction of apoptosis and antitumor activity of eel skin mucus containing lactose binding molecules on human leukemic k562 cells |
| topic | mucus Anguilla japonica apoptosis lectin-like protein glycan |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/6/3936 |
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