Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6-7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2014-01-01
|
| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24603553/?tool=EBI |
| _version_ | 1818389082610335744 |
|---|---|
| author | Elke Kooijman Cora H Nijboer Cindy T J van Velthoven Wouter Mol Rick M Dijkhuizen Jozef Kesecioglu Cobi J Heijnen |
| author_facet | Elke Kooijman Cora H Nijboer Cindy T J van Velthoven Wouter Mol Rick M Dijkhuizen Jozef Kesecioglu Cobi J Heijnen |
| author_sort | Elke Kooijman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6-7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into a mild or severe SAH group based on their acute neurological score at 24 h post-SAH. The degree of hemorrhage determined in post-mortem brains at 48 h strongly correlated with the acute neurological score. Severe SAH induced increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP2, CINC-1 mRNA expression and cortical neutrophil influx at 48 h post-insult. Neuroinflammation after SAH was very long-lasting and still present at day 21 as determined by Iba-1 staining (microglia/macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes). Long-term neuroinflammation was strongly associated with the degree of severity of SAH. Cerebral damage to gray- and white-matter was visualized by immunohistochemistry for MAP2 and MBP at 21 days after SAH. Severe SAH induced significant gray- and white-matter damage. MAP2 loss at day 21 correlated significantly with the acute neurological score determined at 24 h post-SAH. Sensorimotor behavior, determined by the adhesive removal task and von Frey test, was affected after severe SAH at day 21. In conclusion, we are the first to show that SAH induces ongoing cortical inflammation. Moreover, SAH induces mainly cortical long-term brain damage, which is associated with long-term sensorimotor damage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T04:36:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e09f355636c143f6a8810e974396ad3f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T04:36:05Z |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-e09f355636c143f6a8810e974396ad3f2022-12-21T23:16:57ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032014-01-0196e9058410.1371/journal.pone.0090584Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat.Elke KooijmanCora H NijboerCindy T J van VelthovenWouter MolRick M DijkhuizenJozef KeseciogluCobi J HeijnenSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6-7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into a mild or severe SAH group based on their acute neurological score at 24 h post-SAH. The degree of hemorrhage determined in post-mortem brains at 48 h strongly correlated with the acute neurological score. Severe SAH induced increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP2, CINC-1 mRNA expression and cortical neutrophil influx at 48 h post-insult. Neuroinflammation after SAH was very long-lasting and still present at day 21 as determined by Iba-1 staining (microglia/macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes). Long-term neuroinflammation was strongly associated with the degree of severity of SAH. Cerebral damage to gray- and white-matter was visualized by immunohistochemistry for MAP2 and MBP at 21 days after SAH. Severe SAH induced significant gray- and white-matter damage. MAP2 loss at day 21 correlated significantly with the acute neurological score determined at 24 h post-SAH. Sensorimotor behavior, determined by the adhesive removal task and von Frey test, was affected after severe SAH at day 21. In conclusion, we are the first to show that SAH induces ongoing cortical inflammation. Moreover, SAH induces mainly cortical long-term brain damage, which is associated with long-term sensorimotor damage.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24603553/?tool=EBI |
| spellingShingle | Elke Kooijman Cora H Nijboer Cindy T J van Velthoven Wouter Mol Rick M Dijkhuizen Jozef Kesecioglu Cobi J Heijnen Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. PLoS ONE |
| title | Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. |
| title_full | Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. |
| title_fullStr | Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. |
| title_short | Long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. |
| title_sort | long term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat |
| url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24603553/?tool=EBI |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elkekooijman longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat AT corahnijboer longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat AT cindytjvanvelthoven longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat AT woutermol longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat AT rickmdijkhuizen longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat AT jozefkesecioglu longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat AT cobijheijnen longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat |