Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China
PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected for 15 consecutive days in a rural area in Shandong from January to February 2022. The carbon components and water-soluble ions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were measured, and the distribution characteristics and sources of the carbonaceous aero...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/11/1858 |
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| author | Changwei Zou Jiayi Wang Kuanyun Hu Jianlong Li Chenglong Yu Fangxu Zhu Hong Huang |
| author_facet | Changwei Zou Jiayi Wang Kuanyun Hu Jianlong Li Chenglong Yu Fangxu Zhu Hong Huang |
| author_sort | Changwei Zou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected for 15 consecutive days in a rural area in Shandong from January to February 2022. The carbon components and water-soluble ions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were measured, and the distribution characteristics and sources of the carbonaceous aerosols were analysed. It was found that the concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region were high in winter (55.79–236.11 μg/m³). Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) accounted for 11.61% and 4.57% of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, respectively. The average concentrations of OC (19.01 μg/m³) and EC (7.49 μg/m³) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were high. The mean value of secondary organic carbon (SOC), estimated by the minimum R squared (MRS) method, was 14.76 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, accounting for a high proportion of OC (79.41%). Four OC fractions (OC<sub>1</sub>, OC<sub>2</sub>, OC<sub>3</sub>, and OC<sub>4</sub>) were significantly correlated with SOC, indicating that the OC components contained a large amount of SOC. OC<sub>3</sub>, OC<sub>4</sub>, EC<sub>1</sub>, and OC<sub>2</sub> dominated (accounting for 80% of TC) among the eight carbon fractions. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, 12.82 μg/m³) and methanol-soluble organic carbon (MSOC) (16.28 μg/m³) accounted for 67.47% and 84.99% of OC, respectively, indicating that SOC accounted for a high proportion of OC. The proportion of eight water-soluble ions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> was 47.48%. NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> can neutralise most of the SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, forming (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, while Cl<sup>−</sup> mainly exists in the form of KCl and MgCl<sub>2</sub>. The ratios of some typical components showed that PM<sub>2.5</sub> was not only affected by local combustion sources, but also by mobile sources. The cluster analysis results of the backward trajectory model showed that primary and secondary sources in Shandong Province had a great impact on PM<sub>2.5</sub> (64%). The analysis results of the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) model showed that the sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region included mobile sources, primary combustion sources, secondary sources, and dust sources, among which secondary sources contributed the most (60.46%). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:16:37Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:16:37Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e0cb73fd8f184d86856959e79fda10ef2023-11-24T03:43:22ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-11-011311185810.3390/atmos13111858Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, ChinaChangwei Zou0Jiayi Wang1Kuanyun Hu2Jianlong Li3Chenglong Yu4Fangxu Zhu5Hong Huang6School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, ChinaSchool of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaNo.270 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Nanchang 330200, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, ChinaPM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected for 15 consecutive days in a rural area in Shandong from January to February 2022. The carbon components and water-soluble ions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were measured, and the distribution characteristics and sources of the carbonaceous aerosols were analysed. It was found that the concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region were high in winter (55.79–236.11 μg/m³). Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) accounted for 11.61% and 4.57% of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, respectively. The average concentrations of OC (19.01 μg/m³) and EC (7.49 μg/m³) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were high. The mean value of secondary organic carbon (SOC), estimated by the minimum R squared (MRS) method, was 14.76 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, accounting for a high proportion of OC (79.41%). Four OC fractions (OC<sub>1</sub>, OC<sub>2</sub>, OC<sub>3</sub>, and OC<sub>4</sub>) were significantly correlated with SOC, indicating that the OC components contained a large amount of SOC. OC<sub>3</sub>, OC<sub>4</sub>, EC<sub>1</sub>, and OC<sub>2</sub> dominated (accounting for 80% of TC) among the eight carbon fractions. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, 12.82 μg/m³) and methanol-soluble organic carbon (MSOC) (16.28 μg/m³) accounted for 67.47% and 84.99% of OC, respectively, indicating that SOC accounted for a high proportion of OC. The proportion of eight water-soluble ions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> was 47.48%. NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> can neutralise most of the SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, forming (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, while Cl<sup>−</sup> mainly exists in the form of KCl and MgCl<sub>2</sub>. The ratios of some typical components showed that PM<sub>2.5</sub> was not only affected by local combustion sources, but also by mobile sources. The cluster analysis results of the backward trajectory model showed that primary and secondary sources in Shandong Province had a great impact on PM<sub>2.5</sub> (64%). The analysis results of the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) model showed that the sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region included mobile sources, primary combustion sources, secondary sources, and dust sources, among which secondary sources contributed the most (60.46%).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/11/1858carbonaceous aerosolchemical componentssource apportionment |
| spellingShingle | Changwei Zou Jiayi Wang Kuanyun Hu Jianlong Li Chenglong Yu Fangxu Zhu Hong Huang Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China Atmosphere carbonaceous aerosol chemical components source apportionment |
| title | Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China |
| title_full | Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China |
| title_fullStr | Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China |
| title_short | Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Winter Carbonaceous Aerosols in a Rural Area in Shandong, China |
| title_sort | distribution characteristics and source apportionment of winter carbonaceous aerosols in a rural area in shandong china |
| topic | carbonaceous aerosol chemical components source apportionment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/11/1858 |
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