Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i>
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>), the key enzymes...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| author | Panicker Devyani Ramachandran Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil Suresh Narayanan Nair Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar Sujith Samraj Anoopraj Rajappan Anju Varghese Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal Reghu Ravindran Srikanta Ghosh Sanis Juliet |
| author_facet | Panicker Devyani Ramachandran Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil Suresh Narayanan Nair Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar Sujith Samraj Anoopraj Rajappan Anju Varghese Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal Reghu Ravindran Srikanta Ghosh Sanis Juliet |
| author_sort | Panicker Devyani Ramachandran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>), the key enzymes for PGE<sub>2</sub> biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from <i>Artemisia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE<sub>2</sub> in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of <i>A. nilagirica</i> elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE<sub>2</sub> were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE<sub>2</sub> were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE<sub>2</sub> can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE<sub>2</sub> by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:33:39Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:33:39Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e0d4f81bf04844b8ac89e186f814b9262023-11-22T08:53:50ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-08-012616490510.3390/molecules26164905Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i>Panicker Devyani Ramachandran0Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa1Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil2Suresh Narayanan Nair3Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar4Sujith Samraj5Anoopraj Rajappan6Anju Varghese7Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal8Reghu Ravindran9Srikanta Ghosh10Sanis Juliet11Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaDivision of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, IndiaProstaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>), the key enzymes for PGE<sub>2</sub> biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from <i>Artemisia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE<sub>2</sub> in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of <i>A. nilagirica</i> elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE<sub>2</sub> were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE<sub>2</sub> were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE<sub>2</sub> can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE<sub>2</sub> by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/16/4905adult immersion testLC-MSMS analysistickovaryimmunohistochemistrypyrethroid |
| spellingShingle | Panicker Devyani Ramachandran Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil Suresh Narayanan Nair Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar Sujith Samraj Anoopraj Rajappan Anju Varghese Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal Reghu Ravindran Srikanta Ghosh Sanis Juliet Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> Molecules adult immersion test LC-MSMS analysis tick ovary immunohistochemistry pyrethroid |
| title | Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> |
| title_full | Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> |
| title_short | Modulation of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from <i>Artemesia nilagirica</i> in <i>Rhipicephalus annulatus</i> |
| title_sort | modulation of the pge sub 2 sub mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from i artemesia nilagirica i in i rhipicephalus annulatus i |
| topic | adult immersion test LC-MSMS analysis tick ovary immunohistochemistry pyrethroid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/16/4905 |
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