Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods
By-products of essential oils (EOs) in the industry represent an exploitable material for natural and safe antioxidant production. One representative group of such by-products is distilled solid residues, whose composition is properly modulated by the distillation method applied for the recovery of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/9058 |
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| author | Stamatia Christaki Elisavet Bouloumpasi Eleni Lalidou Paschalina Chatzopoulou Maria Irakli |
| author_facet | Stamatia Christaki Elisavet Bouloumpasi Eleni Lalidou Paschalina Chatzopoulou Maria Irakli |
| author_sort | Stamatia Christaki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | By-products of essential oils (EOs) in the industry represent an exploitable material for natural and safe antioxidant production. One representative group of such by-products is distilled solid residues, whose composition is properly modulated by the distillation method applied for the recovery of EOs. Recently, in terms of Green Chemistry principles, conventional extraction and distillation processes are considered outdated and tend to be replaced by more environmentally friendly ones. In the present study, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) was employed as a novel and green method for the recovery of EOs from three aromatic plants (rosemary, Greek sage and spearmint). The method was compared to conventional ones, hydro-distillation (HD) and steam-distillation (SD), in terms of phytochemical composition of distilled solid residues, which was estimated by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP) results highlighted the distilled solid residues as good sources of antioxidants. Moreover, higher antioxidant activity was achieved for MAHD extracts of solid residues in comparison to HD and SD extracts. A metabolomics approach was carried out on the methanolic extracts of solid residues obtained by different distillation methods using LC-MS analysis followed by multivariate data analysis. A total of 29 specialized metabolites were detected, and 26 of them were identified and quantified, presenting a similar phenolic profile among different treatments, whereas differences were observed among different species. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound in all extracts, being higher in MAHD extracts. In rosemary and Greek sage extracts, carnosol and carnosic acid were quantified in significant amounts, while trimers and tetramers of caffeic acid (salvianolic acids isomers) were identified and quantified in spearmint extracts, being higher in MAHD extracts. The obtained results pointed out that MAHD extracts of distilled solid by-products could be a good source of bioactives with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, contributing to the circular economy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:01:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e0de8326c7fe405f9c621a5aac13d111 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:01:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e0de8326c7fe405f9c621a5aac13d1112023-11-24T17:02:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-12-012724905810.3390/molecules27249058Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation MethodsStamatia Christaki0Elisavet Bouloumpasi1Eleni Lalidou2Paschalina Chatzopoulou3Maria Irakli4Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceHellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceHellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceHellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceHellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceBy-products of essential oils (EOs) in the industry represent an exploitable material for natural and safe antioxidant production. One representative group of such by-products is distilled solid residues, whose composition is properly modulated by the distillation method applied for the recovery of EOs. Recently, in terms of Green Chemistry principles, conventional extraction and distillation processes are considered outdated and tend to be replaced by more environmentally friendly ones. In the present study, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) was employed as a novel and green method for the recovery of EOs from three aromatic plants (rosemary, Greek sage and spearmint). The method was compared to conventional ones, hydro-distillation (HD) and steam-distillation (SD), in terms of phytochemical composition of distilled solid residues, which was estimated by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP) results highlighted the distilled solid residues as good sources of antioxidants. Moreover, higher antioxidant activity was achieved for MAHD extracts of solid residues in comparison to HD and SD extracts. A metabolomics approach was carried out on the methanolic extracts of solid residues obtained by different distillation methods using LC-MS analysis followed by multivariate data analysis. A total of 29 specialized metabolites were detected, and 26 of them were identified and quantified, presenting a similar phenolic profile among different treatments, whereas differences were observed among different species. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound in all extracts, being higher in MAHD extracts. In rosemary and Greek sage extracts, carnosol and carnosic acid were quantified in significant amounts, while trimers and tetramers of caffeic acid (salvianolic acids isomers) were identified and quantified in spearmint extracts, being higher in MAHD extracts. The obtained results pointed out that MAHD extracts of distilled solid by-products could be a good source of bioactives with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, contributing to the circular economy.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/9058hydro-distillationsteam distillationmicrowave-assisted hydro-distillationdistilled solid residuesantioxidant activityLC-MS |
| spellingShingle | Stamatia Christaki Elisavet Bouloumpasi Eleni Lalidou Paschalina Chatzopoulou Maria Irakli Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods Molecules hydro-distillation steam distillation microwave-assisted hydro-distillation distilled solid residues antioxidant activity LC-MS |
| title | Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods |
| title_full | Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods |
| title_fullStr | Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods |
| title_short | Bioactive Profile of Distilled Solid By-Products of Rosemary, Greek Sage and Spearmint as Affected by Distillation Methods |
| title_sort | bioactive profile of distilled solid by products of rosemary greek sage and spearmint as affected by distillation methods |
| topic | hydro-distillation steam distillation microwave-assisted hydro-distillation distilled solid residues antioxidant activity LC-MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/9058 |
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