The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury
Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/13/2083 |
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| author | Tana S. Pottorf Travis M. Rotterman William M. McCallum Zoë A. Haley-Johnson Francisco J. Alvarez |
| author_facet | Tana S. Pottorf Travis M. Rotterman William M. McCallum Zoë A. Haley-Johnson Francisco J. Alvarez |
| author_sort | Tana S. Pottorf |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, and proximity of injury, as well as the age and species of the organism. Thanks to recent advancements in neuro-immune research techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, novel genetic mouse models, and live imaging, a vast amount of literature has come to light regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation and alluding to the function of microgliosis around injured motoneurons and sensory afferents. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the dorsal and ventral horns in relation to mechanisms of microglia activation (CSF1, DAP12, CCR2, Fractalkine signaling, Toll-like receptors, and purinergic signaling), and functionality in neuroprotection, degeneration, regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and spinal circuit reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. This review aims to shed new light on unsettled controversies regarding the diversity of spinal microglial-neuronal interactions following injury. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:02:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e10900e911bb4768a82bce08db661df1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:02:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-e10900e911bb4768a82bce08db661df12023-11-23T19:49:12ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092022-06-011113208310.3390/cells11132083The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve InjuryTana S. Pottorf0Travis M. Rotterman1William M. McCallum2Zoë A. Haley-Johnson3Francisco J. Alvarez4Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USADepartment of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USADepartment of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USADepartment of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USAPeripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, and proximity of injury, as well as the age and species of the organism. Thanks to recent advancements in neuro-immune research techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, novel genetic mouse models, and live imaging, a vast amount of literature has come to light regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation and alluding to the function of microgliosis around injured motoneurons and sensory afferents. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the dorsal and ventral horns in relation to mechanisms of microglia activation (CSF1, DAP12, CCR2, Fractalkine signaling, Toll-like receptors, and purinergic signaling), and functionality in neuroprotection, degeneration, regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and spinal circuit reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. This review aims to shed new light on unsettled controversies regarding the diversity of spinal microglial-neuronal interactions following injury.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/13/2083microgliaaxotomysensory neuronsmotoneuronsneuroinflammationneuroprotection |
| spellingShingle | Tana S. Pottorf Travis M. Rotterman William M. McCallum Zoë A. Haley-Johnson Francisco J. Alvarez The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury Cells microglia axotomy sensory neurons motoneurons neuroinflammation neuroprotection |
| title | The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury |
| title_full | The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury |
| title_short | The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury |
| title_sort | role of microglia in neuroinflammation of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury |
| topic | microglia axotomy sensory neurons motoneurons neuroinflammation neuroprotection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/13/2083 |
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