Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital
As a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation develops, which promotes oxidative stress, leading to modification of phospholipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of COVID-19 on the levels of phospholipid and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11810 |
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| author | Neven Žarković Wojciech Łuczaj Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz Biserka Orehovec Bruno Baršić Marko Tarle Marta Kmet Ivica Lukšić Michał Biernacki Elżbieta Skrzydlewska |
| author_facet | Neven Žarković Wojciech Łuczaj Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz Biserka Orehovec Bruno Baršić Marko Tarle Marta Kmet Ivica Lukšić Michał Biernacki Elżbieta Skrzydlewska |
| author_sort | Neven Žarković |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation develops, which promotes oxidative stress, leading to modification of phospholipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of COVID-19 on the levels of phospholipid and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites produced in response to reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes (cyclooxygenases-(COXs) and lipoxygenase-(LOX)) in the plasma of patients who either recovered or passed away within a week of hospitalization. In the plasma of COVID-19 patients, especially of the survivors, the actions of ROS and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) cause a decrease in phospholipid fatty acids level and an increase in free fatty acids (especially arachidonic acid) despite increased COXs and LOX activity. This is accompanied by an increased level in lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostaglandin F2α) and lipid mediators generated by enzymes. There is also an increase in eicosanoids, both pro-inflammatory as follows: thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2, and anti-inflammatory as follows: 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, as well as endocannabinoids (anandamide-(AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol-(2-AG)) observed in the plasma of patients who recovered. Moreover, the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10) is increased in patients who recovered. However, in the group of patients who died, elevated levels of N-oleoylethanolamine and N-palmitoylethanolamine are found. Since lipid mediators may have different functions depending on the onset of pathophysiological processes, a stronger pro-inflammatory response in patients who have recovered may be the result of the defensive response to SARS-CoV-2 in survivors associated with specific changes in the phospholipid metabolism, which could also be considered a prognostic factor. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:37:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e10961f2914049d0a16583ffd419e14a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:37:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e10961f2914049d0a16583ffd419e14a2023-11-23T20:39:40ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-10-0123191181010.3390/ijms231911810Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the HospitalNeven Žarković0Wojciech Łuczaj1Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz2Biserka Orehovec3Bruno Baršić4Marko Tarle5Marta Kmet6Ivica Lukšić7Michał Biernacki8Elżbieta Skrzydlewska9Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, PolandClinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaClinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaClinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaClinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaClinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, PolandAs a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation develops, which promotes oxidative stress, leading to modification of phospholipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of COVID-19 on the levels of phospholipid and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites produced in response to reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes (cyclooxygenases-(COXs) and lipoxygenase-(LOX)) in the plasma of patients who either recovered or passed away within a week of hospitalization. In the plasma of COVID-19 patients, especially of the survivors, the actions of ROS and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) cause a decrease in phospholipid fatty acids level and an increase in free fatty acids (especially arachidonic acid) despite increased COXs and LOX activity. This is accompanied by an increased level in lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostaglandin F2α) and lipid mediators generated by enzymes. There is also an increase in eicosanoids, both pro-inflammatory as follows: thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2, and anti-inflammatory as follows: 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, as well as endocannabinoids (anandamide-(AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol-(2-AG)) observed in the plasma of patients who recovered. Moreover, the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10) is increased in patients who recovered. However, in the group of patients who died, elevated levels of N-oleoylethanolamine and N-palmitoylethanolamine are found. Since lipid mediators may have different functions depending on the onset of pathophysiological processes, a stronger pro-inflammatory response in patients who have recovered may be the result of the defensive response to SARS-CoV-2 in survivors associated with specific changes in the phospholipid metabolism, which could also be considered a prognostic factor.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11810COVID-19SARS-CoV-2plasmasurvived patientsdeceased patientsendocannabinoids |
| spellingShingle | Neven Žarković Wojciech Łuczaj Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz Biserka Orehovec Bruno Baršić Marko Tarle Marta Kmet Ivica Lukšić Michał Biernacki Elżbieta Skrzydlewska Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital International Journal of Molecular Sciences COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 plasma survived patients deceased patients endocannabinoids |
| title | Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital |
| title_full | Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital |
| title_fullStr | Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital |
| title_short | Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital |
| title_sort | diversified effects of covid 19 as a consequence of the differential metabolism of phospholipids and lipid peroxidation evaluated in the plasma of survivors and deceased patients upon admission to the hospital |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 plasma survived patients deceased patients endocannabinoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11810 |
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