Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context
Summary: Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). CVDs and their metabolic risk factors have historically been concentrated among urban residents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) in LMICs such as India. However...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-05-01
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| Series: | The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368223000483 |
| _version_ | 1797846387981811712 |
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| author | Sarah Wetzel Pascal Geldsetzer Sneha Sarah Mani Aashish Gupta Kavita Singh Mohammed K. Ali Dorairaj Prabhakaran Nikhil Tandon Nikkil Sudharsanan |
| author_facet | Sarah Wetzel Pascal Geldsetzer Sneha Sarah Mani Aashish Gupta Kavita Singh Mohammed K. Ali Dorairaj Prabhakaran Nikhil Tandon Nikkil Sudharsanan |
| author_sort | Sarah Wetzel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). CVDs and their metabolic risk factors have historically been concentrated among urban residents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) in LMICs such as India. However, as India develops, it is unclear whether these socioeconomic and geographic gradients will persist or change. Understanding these social dynamics in CVD risk is essential for mitigating the rising burden of CVDs and to reach those with the greatest needs. Methods: Using nationally representative data with biomarker measurements from the fourth (2015–16) and fifth (2019–21) Indian National Family and Health Surveys, we investigated trends in the prevalence of four CVD risk factors: smoking (self-reported), unhealthy weight (BMI ≥25 kgm2), diabetes (random plasma glucose concentration ≥200 mg/dL or self-reported diabetes), and hypertension (one of: average systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, average diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, self-reported past diagnosis, or self-reported current antihypertensive medication use) among adults aged 15–49 years. We first described changes at the national level and then trends stratified by place of residence (urban versus rural), geographic region (northern, northeastern, central, eastern, western, southern), regional level of development (Empowered Action Group member state or not), and two measures of socioeconomic status: level of education (no education, primary incomplete, primary complete, secondary incomplete, secondary complete, higher) and wealth (quintiles). Findings: Unhealthy weight increased among all social and geographic groups but both the absolute and the relative changes were substantially higher among people with low SES (as measured by education or wealth) and in rural areas. For diabetes and hypertension, the prevalence increased for those from disadvantaged groups while staying constant or even decreasing among the wealthier and more educated. In contrast, smoking consumption declined for all social and geographic groups. Interpretation: In 2015–16, CVD risk factors were higher among more advantaged subpopulations in India. However, between 2015–16 and 2019–21, the prevalence of these risk factors grew more rapidly for less wealthy and less educated subpopulations and those living in rural areas. These trends have resulted in CVD risk becoming far more widespread throughout the population; CVD can no longer be characterized as a wealthy urban phenomenon. Funding: This work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (grant received by NS); the Stanford Diabetes Research Center [grant received by PG] and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub [grant received by PG]. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:54:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e116a36e8fae41d3ae9c808a89bf0f6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2772-3682 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:54:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia |
| spelling | doaj.art-e116a36e8fae41d3ae9c808a89bf0f6b2023-04-15T05:55:40ZengElsevierThe Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia2772-36822023-05-0112100188Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in contextSarah Wetzel0Pascal Geldsetzer1Sneha Sarah Mani2Aashish Gupta3Kavita Singh4Mohammed K. Ali5Dorairaj Prabhakaran6Nikhil Tandon7Nikkil Sudharsanan8Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Corresponding author. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USAGraduate Group in Demography, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USAHarvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, MA, USAHeidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana, IndiaHubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USACentre for Chronic Disease Control, India; Public Health Foundation of India, IndiaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, IndiaHeidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Behavioral Science for Disease Prevention and Health Care, Technical University of Munich, Munich, GermanySummary: Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). CVDs and their metabolic risk factors have historically been concentrated among urban residents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) in LMICs such as India. However, as India develops, it is unclear whether these socioeconomic and geographic gradients will persist or change. Understanding these social dynamics in CVD risk is essential for mitigating the rising burden of CVDs and to reach those with the greatest needs. Methods: Using nationally representative data with biomarker measurements from the fourth (2015–16) and fifth (2019–21) Indian National Family and Health Surveys, we investigated trends in the prevalence of four CVD risk factors: smoking (self-reported), unhealthy weight (BMI ≥25 kgm2), diabetes (random plasma glucose concentration ≥200 mg/dL or self-reported diabetes), and hypertension (one of: average systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, average diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, self-reported past diagnosis, or self-reported current antihypertensive medication use) among adults aged 15–49 years. We first described changes at the national level and then trends stratified by place of residence (urban versus rural), geographic region (northern, northeastern, central, eastern, western, southern), regional level of development (Empowered Action Group member state or not), and two measures of socioeconomic status: level of education (no education, primary incomplete, primary complete, secondary incomplete, secondary complete, higher) and wealth (quintiles). Findings: Unhealthy weight increased among all social and geographic groups but both the absolute and the relative changes were substantially higher among people with low SES (as measured by education or wealth) and in rural areas. For diabetes and hypertension, the prevalence increased for those from disadvantaged groups while staying constant or even decreasing among the wealthier and more educated. In contrast, smoking consumption declined for all social and geographic groups. Interpretation: In 2015–16, CVD risk factors were higher among more advantaged subpopulations in India. However, between 2015–16 and 2019–21, the prevalence of these risk factors grew more rapidly for less wealthy and less educated subpopulations and those living in rural areas. These trends have resulted in CVD risk becoming far more widespread throughout the population; CVD can no longer be characterized as a wealthy urban phenomenon. Funding: This work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (grant received by NS); the Stanford Diabetes Research Center [grant received by PG] and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub [grant received by PG].http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368223000483Cardiovascular diseasesDiabetesHypertensionOverweightObesityTobacco consumption |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Wetzel Pascal Geldsetzer Sneha Sarah Mani Aashish Gupta Kavita Singh Mohammed K. Ali Dorairaj Prabhakaran Nikhil Tandon Nikkil Sudharsanan Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes Hypertension Overweight Obesity Tobacco consumption |
| title | Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context |
| title_full | Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context |
| title_fullStr | Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context |
| title_full_unstemmed | Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context |
| title_short | Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15–49 years–evidence from nationally representative household surveysResearch in context |
| title_sort | changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among indians aged 15 49 years evidence from nationally representative household surveysresearch in context |
| topic | Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes Hypertension Overweight Obesity Tobacco consumption |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368223000483 |
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