Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging
Nowadays, worldwide challenges such as global warming, pollution, unsustainable consumption patterns, and scarcity of natural resources are key drivers toward future-oriented bioeconomy strategies, which rely on renewable biobased resources, such as bacterial pigments and bacterial cellulose (BC), f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/18/3869 |
| _version_ | 1797483296878231552 |
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| author | Lúcia F. A. Amorim Ana P. Gomes Isabel C. Gouveia |
| author_facet | Lúcia F. A. Amorim Ana P. Gomes Isabel C. Gouveia |
| author_sort | Lúcia F. A. Amorim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nowadays, worldwide challenges such as global warming, pollution, unsustainable consumption patterns, and scarcity of natural resources are key drivers toward future-oriented bioeconomy strategies, which rely on renewable biobased resources, such as bacterial pigments and bacterial cellulose (BC), for materials production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to functionalize bacterial cellulose with violacein, flexirubin-type pigment, and prodigiosin and test their suitability as pH indicators, due to the pigments’ sensitivity to pH alterations. The screening of the most suitable conditions to obtain the BC-pigment indicators was achieved using a full factorial design, for a more sustainable functionalization process. Then, the pH response of functionalized BC to buffer solutions was assessed, with color changes at acidic pH (BC-violacein indicator) and at alkaline pH (BC-violacein, BC-prodigiosin, and BC-flexirubin-type pigment indicators). Moreover, the indicators also revealed sensitivity to acid and base vapors. Furthermore, leaching evaluation of the produced indicators showed higher suitability for aqueous foods. Additionally, color stability of the functionalized BC indicators was carried out, after light exposure and storage at 4 °C, to evaluate the indicators’ capacity to maintain color/sensitivity. Thus, BC membranes functionalized with bacterial pigments have the potential to be further developed and used as pH indicators. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:44:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e1212f1984e24217a57913ae52cebdd9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:44:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1212f1984e24217a57913ae52cebdd92023-11-23T18:31:15ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-09-011418386910.3390/polym14183869Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food PackagingLúcia F. A. Amorim0Ana P. Gomes1Isabel C. Gouveia2FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, PortugalFibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, PortugalFibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, PortugalNowadays, worldwide challenges such as global warming, pollution, unsustainable consumption patterns, and scarcity of natural resources are key drivers toward future-oriented bioeconomy strategies, which rely on renewable biobased resources, such as bacterial pigments and bacterial cellulose (BC), for materials production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to functionalize bacterial cellulose with violacein, flexirubin-type pigment, and prodigiosin and test their suitability as pH indicators, due to the pigments’ sensitivity to pH alterations. The screening of the most suitable conditions to obtain the BC-pigment indicators was achieved using a full factorial design, for a more sustainable functionalization process. Then, the pH response of functionalized BC to buffer solutions was assessed, with color changes at acidic pH (BC-violacein indicator) and at alkaline pH (BC-violacein, BC-prodigiosin, and BC-flexirubin-type pigment indicators). Moreover, the indicators also revealed sensitivity to acid and base vapors. Furthermore, leaching evaluation of the produced indicators showed higher suitability for aqueous foods. Additionally, color stability of the functionalized BC indicators was carried out, after light exposure and storage at 4 °C, to evaluate the indicators’ capacity to maintain color/sensitivity. Thus, BC membranes functionalized with bacterial pigments have the potential to be further developed and used as pH indicators.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/18/3869colorimetric indicatorbiobasedbacterial pigmentsviolaceinprodigiosinflexirubin-type pigment |
| spellingShingle | Lúcia F. A. Amorim Ana P. Gomes Isabel C. Gouveia Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging Polymers colorimetric indicator biobased bacterial pigments violacein prodigiosin flexirubin-type pigment |
| title | Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging |
| title_full | Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging |
| title_fullStr | Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging |
| title_short | Design and Preparation of a Biobased Colorimetric pH Indicator from Cellulose and Pigments of Bacterial Origin, for Potential Application as Smart Food Packaging |
| title_sort | design and preparation of a biobased colorimetric ph indicator from cellulose and pigments of bacterial origin for potential application as smart food packaging |
| topic | colorimetric indicator biobased bacterial pigments violacein prodigiosin flexirubin-type pigment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/18/3869 |
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