Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts
Almost every supplier faces uncertain and time-varying demand. E-commerce and online shopping have given suppliers unprecedented access to data on customers’ behavior, which sheds light on demand uncertainty. The main purpose of this research project is to provide an analytic tool for decentralized...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Games |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/13/6/70 |
| _version_ | 1797458142311743488 |
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| author | Reza Azad Gholami Leif Kristoffer Sandal Jan Ubøe |
| author_facet | Reza Azad Gholami Leif Kristoffer Sandal Jan Ubøe |
| author_sort | Reza Azad Gholami |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Almost every supplier faces uncertain and time-varying demand. E-commerce and online shopping have given suppliers unprecedented access to data on customers’ behavior, which sheds light on demand uncertainty. The main purpose of this research project is to provide an analytic tool for decentralized supply channel members to devise optimal long-term (multi-period) supply, pricing, and timing strategies while catering to stochastic demand in a diverse set of market scenarios. Despite its ubiquity in potential applications, the time-dependent channel optimization problem in its general form has received limited attention in the literature due to its complexity and the highly nested structure of its ensuing equilibrium problems. However, there are many scenarios where a single-period channel optimization solution may turn out to be myopic as it does not consider the after-effects of current pricing on future demand. To remedy this typical shortcoming, using general <i>memory functions</i>, we include the strategic customers’ cognitive bias toward pricing history in the supply channel equilibrium problem. In the form of two constructive theorems, we provide explicit solution algorithms for the ensuing Nash–Stackelberg equilibrium problems. In particular, we prove that our recursive solution algorithm can find equilibria in the multi-periodic variation of many standard supply channel contracts such as wholesale, buyback, and revenue-sharing contracts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:32:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e126bc00a5a64a65b38714f89e0ef00a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4336 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:32:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Games |
| spelling | doaj.art-e126bc00a5a64a65b38714f89e0ef00a2023-11-24T14:59:48ZengMDPI AGGames2073-43362022-10-011367010.3390/g13060070Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain ContractsReza Azad Gholami0Leif Kristoffer Sandal1Jan Ubøe2Department of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, NorwayAlmost every supplier faces uncertain and time-varying demand. E-commerce and online shopping have given suppliers unprecedented access to data on customers’ behavior, which sheds light on demand uncertainty. The main purpose of this research project is to provide an analytic tool for decentralized supply channel members to devise optimal long-term (multi-period) supply, pricing, and timing strategies while catering to stochastic demand in a diverse set of market scenarios. Despite its ubiquity in potential applications, the time-dependent channel optimization problem in its general form has received limited attention in the literature due to its complexity and the highly nested structure of its ensuing equilibrium problems. However, there are many scenarios where a single-period channel optimization solution may turn out to be myopic as it does not consider the after-effects of current pricing on future demand. To remedy this typical shortcoming, using general <i>memory functions</i>, we include the strategic customers’ cognitive bias toward pricing history in the supply channel equilibrium problem. In the form of two constructive theorems, we provide explicit solution algorithms for the ensuing Nash–Stackelberg equilibrium problems. In particular, we prove that our recursive solution algorithm can find equilibria in the multi-periodic variation of many standard supply channel contracts such as wholesale, buyback, and revenue-sharing contracts.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/13/6/70game theoryStackelberg gamessupply chain managementstochastic demandbehavioral newsvendorprice-setting newsvendor |
| spellingShingle | Reza Azad Gholami Leif Kristoffer Sandal Jan Ubøe Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts Games game theory Stackelberg games supply chain management stochastic demand behavioral newsvendor price-setting newsvendor |
| title | Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts |
| title_full | Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts |
| title_fullStr | Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts |
| title_short | Construction of Equilibria in Strategic Stackelberg Games in Multi-Period Supply Chain Contracts |
| title_sort | construction of equilibria in strategic stackelberg games in multi period supply chain contracts |
| topic | game theory Stackelberg games supply chain management stochastic demand behavioral newsvendor price-setting newsvendor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/13/6/70 |
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