Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid
Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress....
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MDPI AG
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/23 |
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| author | Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla Bongani B. Nkambule Babalwa Jack Zibusiso Mkandla Tinashe Mutize Sonia Silvestri Patrick Orlando Luca Tiano Johan Louw Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje |
| author_facet | Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla Bongani B. Nkambule Babalwa Jack Zibusiso Mkandla Tinashe Mutize Sonia Silvestri Patrick Orlando Luca Tiano Johan Louw Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje |
| author_sort | Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T19:40:32Z |
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| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T19:40:32Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1a054a5eed84f73b548bad892f202412022-12-22T02:32:54ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432018-12-011112310.3390/nu11010023nu11010023Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic AcidPhiwayinkosi V. Dludla0Bongani B. Nkambule1Babalwa Jack2Zibusiso Mkandla3Tinashe Mutize4Sonia Silvestri5Patrick Orlando6Luca Tiano7Johan Louw8Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje9Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalySchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South AfricaBiomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South AfricaSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South AfricaSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South AfricaDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyBiomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South AfricaBiomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South AfricaMetabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/23obesityinsulin resistanceinflammationoxidative stressgallic acidtherapeutic target |
| spellingShingle | Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla Bongani B. Nkambule Babalwa Jack Zibusiso Mkandla Tinashe Mutize Sonia Silvestri Patrick Orlando Luca Tiano Johan Louw Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid Nutrients obesity insulin resistance inflammation oxidative stress gallic acid therapeutic target |
| title | Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid |
| title_full | Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid |
| title_fullStr | Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid |
| title_short | Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid |
| title_sort | inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state and the protective effects of gallic acid |
| topic | obesity insulin resistance inflammation oxidative stress gallic acid therapeutic target |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/23 |
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