<i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries
<i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i> is a zoonotic helminth that is commonly found in domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia but is largely neglected in many countries. This study aimed to confirm the species of hookworm in dogs and soil environments and investigate the evolutionary analyses of...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-11-01
|
| Series: | Animals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/11/2154 |
| _version_ | 1827701937992105984 |
|---|---|
| author | Doolyawat Kladkempetch Sahatchai Tangtrongsup Saruda Tiwananthagorn |
| author_facet | Doolyawat Kladkempetch Sahatchai Tangtrongsup Saruda Tiwananthagorn |
| author_sort | Doolyawat Kladkempetch |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i> is a zoonotic helminth that is commonly found in domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia but is largely neglected in many countries. This study aimed to confirm the species of hookworm in dogs and soil environments and investigate the evolutionary analyses of <i>A. ceylanicum</i> among Thai and Asian populations. In a total of 299 dog fecal samples and 212 soil samples from 53 temples, the prevalence rates of hookworm infection by microscopic examination were 26.4% (79/299) and 10.4% (22/212) in dog and soil samples, respectively. A PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS region was then utilized to identify the hookworm species. In dogs, <i>A. ceylanicum</i> was the main hookworm species, and the rates of <i>A. ceylanicum</i> and <i>A. caninum</i> infections were 96.6% and 3.5%, respectively. The genetic characterization and diversity indices of the <i>A. ceylanicum</i><i>cox1</i> gene among Thai and Asian populations were evaluated. Nine haplotypes were identified from Thai <i>A. ceylanicum</i>, in which the haplotype diversity and the nucleotide diversity were 0.4436 and 0.0036, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity of Chinese <i>A. ceylanicum</i> populations suggested that it could be the ancestor of the populations. Pairwise fixation indices indicated that Thai <i>A. ceylanicum</i> was closely related to the Malaysian population, suggesting a gene flow between these populations. The temples with hookworm-positive dogs were associated with the presence of hookworm-contaminated soil, as these levels showed an approximately four-fold increase compared with those in temples with hookworm-negative dogs (OR = 4.38, 95% CI: 1.55–12.37). Interestingly, the genotypes of <i>A. ceylanicum</i> in the contaminating soil and infecting dogs were identical. Therefore, increased awareness and concern from the wider public communities with regard to the responsibility of temples and municipal offices to provide proper deworming programs to community dogs should be strongly endorsed to reduce the risk of the transmission of this zoonotic disease. In addition, parasitic examination and treatment should be strongly implemented before dogs are imported and exported worldwide. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:44:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e1cc5f63fc3e435bb6c4b5e30242837b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:44:20Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1cc5f63fc3e435bb6c4b5e30242837b2023-11-20T21:33:26ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152020-11-011011215410.3390/ani10112154<i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian CountriesDoolyawat Kladkempetch0Sahatchai Tangtrongsup1Saruda Tiwananthagorn2Master’s Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, ThailandDepartment of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, ThailandDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand<i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i> is a zoonotic helminth that is commonly found in domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia but is largely neglected in many countries. This study aimed to confirm the species of hookworm in dogs and soil environments and investigate the evolutionary analyses of <i>A. ceylanicum</i> among Thai and Asian populations. In a total of 299 dog fecal samples and 212 soil samples from 53 temples, the prevalence rates of hookworm infection by microscopic examination were 26.4% (79/299) and 10.4% (22/212) in dog and soil samples, respectively. A PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS region was then utilized to identify the hookworm species. In dogs, <i>A. ceylanicum</i> was the main hookworm species, and the rates of <i>A. ceylanicum</i> and <i>A. caninum</i> infections were 96.6% and 3.5%, respectively. The genetic characterization and diversity indices of the <i>A. ceylanicum</i><i>cox1</i> gene among Thai and Asian populations were evaluated. Nine haplotypes were identified from Thai <i>A. ceylanicum</i>, in which the haplotype diversity and the nucleotide diversity were 0.4436 and 0.0036, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity of Chinese <i>A. ceylanicum</i> populations suggested that it could be the ancestor of the populations. Pairwise fixation indices indicated that Thai <i>A. ceylanicum</i> was closely related to the Malaysian population, suggesting a gene flow between these populations. The temples with hookworm-positive dogs were associated with the presence of hookworm-contaminated soil, as these levels showed an approximately four-fold increase compared with those in temples with hookworm-negative dogs (OR = 4.38, 95% CI: 1.55–12.37). Interestingly, the genotypes of <i>A. ceylanicum</i> in the contaminating soil and infecting dogs were identical. Therefore, increased awareness and concern from the wider public communities with regard to the responsibility of temples and municipal offices to provide proper deworming programs to community dogs should be strongly endorsed to reduce the risk of the transmission of this zoonotic disease. In addition, parasitic examination and treatment should be strongly implemented before dogs are imported and exported worldwide.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/11/2154<i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>community dogsITS region<i>cox1</i>Thailandpopulation diversity |
| spellingShingle | Doolyawat Kladkempetch Sahatchai Tangtrongsup Saruda Tiwananthagorn <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries Animals <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i> community dogs ITS region <i>cox1</i> Thailand population diversity |
| title | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries |
| title_full | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries |
| title_fullStr | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries |
| title_short | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries |
| title_sort | i ancylostoma ceylanicum i the neglected zoonotic parasite of community dogs in thailand and its genetic diversity among asian countries |
| topic | <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i> community dogs ITS region <i>cox1</i> Thailand population diversity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/11/2154 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT doolyawatkladkempetch iancylostomaceylanicumitheneglectedzoonoticparasiteofcommunitydogsinthailandanditsgeneticdiversityamongasiancountries AT sahatchaitangtrongsup iancylostomaceylanicumitheneglectedzoonoticparasiteofcommunitydogsinthailandanditsgeneticdiversityamongasiancountries AT sarudatiwananthagorn iancylostomaceylanicumitheneglectedzoonoticparasiteofcommunitydogsinthailandanditsgeneticdiversityamongasiancountries |