Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry
Soil surface is directly affected by heavy traffic of machinery during harvesting operations. Machine traffic often causes damage to forest soil which is visible on the surface (ruts) and invisible changes in, for example, bulk density, penetration resistance, etc. Close-range photogrammetry is the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/7/976 |
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| author | Michal Ferenčík Zuzana Dudáková Miroslav Kardoš Miroslav Sivák Katarína Merganičová Ján Merganič |
| author_facet | Michal Ferenčík Zuzana Dudáková Miroslav Kardoš Miroslav Sivák Katarína Merganičová Ján Merganič |
| author_sort | Michal Ferenčík |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil surface is directly affected by heavy traffic of machinery during harvesting operations. Machine traffic often causes damage to forest soil which is visible on the surface (ruts) and invisible changes in, for example, bulk density, penetration resistance, etc. Close-range photogrammetry is the state-of-the-art method used for recording and evaluation of visible changes. This study aims to analyze soil surface changes caused by traffic of three types of wheeled skidders without a load on Cambisol soil in Central Slovakia. We use the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) close-range photogrammetry to record and evaluate depths of ruts and their volumes after 40 passes of individual skidders. We compared Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) of dense point clouds created from various numbers of images taken for individual plots. Rut volume changes calculated by the SfM method and from the manual measurements were compared for one skidder. The final values of RMSE did not exceed 10 mm except for the plot with the lowest number of photos. The final rut depths varied between 0.026 and 0.050 m, and their final volume fluctuated from 0.021 to 0.089 m<sup>3</sup>. The skidder type and the terrain slope had significant impacts on magnitudes of soil changes. The results of the manual and SfM methods assessing soil changes were correlated. Based on the presented results we can conclude that the SfM method can be applied to detect soil surface changes after traffic of forestry machinery. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:54:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e1dacc855ede4484bcf56f98d22e0641 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:54:58Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1dacc855ede4484bcf56f98d22e06412023-11-30T23:11:25ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-06-0113797610.3390/f13070976Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range PhotogrammetryMichal Ferenčík0Zuzana Dudáková1Miroslav Kardoš2Miroslav Sivák3Katarína Merganičová4Ján Merganič5Department of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, SlovakiaDepartment of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, SlovakiaDepartment of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, SlovakiaDepartment of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, SlovakiaFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 6-Suchdol, 16500 Praha, Czech RepublicDepartment of Forest Harvesting, Logistics and Ameliorations, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, SlovakiaSoil surface is directly affected by heavy traffic of machinery during harvesting operations. Machine traffic often causes damage to forest soil which is visible on the surface (ruts) and invisible changes in, for example, bulk density, penetration resistance, etc. Close-range photogrammetry is the state-of-the-art method used for recording and evaluation of visible changes. This study aims to analyze soil surface changes caused by traffic of three types of wheeled skidders without a load on Cambisol soil in Central Slovakia. We use the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) close-range photogrammetry to record and evaluate depths of ruts and their volumes after 40 passes of individual skidders. We compared Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) of dense point clouds created from various numbers of images taken for individual plots. Rut volume changes calculated by the SfM method and from the manual measurements were compared for one skidder. The final values of RMSE did not exceed 10 mm except for the plot with the lowest number of photos. The final rut depths varied between 0.026 and 0.050 m, and their final volume fluctuated from 0.021 to 0.089 m<sup>3</sup>. The skidder type and the terrain slope had significant impacts on magnitudes of soil changes. The results of the manual and SfM methods assessing soil changes were correlated. Based on the presented results we can conclude that the SfM method can be applied to detect soil surface changes after traffic of forestry machinery.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/7/976structure from motionphotogrammetrysoil disturbancerutsforest skidder |
| spellingShingle | Michal Ferenčík Zuzana Dudáková Miroslav Kardoš Miroslav Sivák Katarína Merganičová Ján Merganič Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry Forests structure from motion photogrammetry soil disturbance ruts forest skidder |
| title | Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry |
| title_full | Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry |
| title_fullStr | Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry |
| title_short | Measuring Soil Surface Changes after Traffic of Various Wheeled Skidders with Close-Range Photogrammetry |
| title_sort | measuring soil surface changes after traffic of various wheeled skidders with close range photogrammetry |
| topic | structure from motion photogrammetry soil disturbance ruts forest skidder |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/7/976 |
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