Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method
Fullerenes have a unique structure, capable of both encapsulating other molecules and reacting with those on the exterior surface. Fullerene derivatives have also been found to have enormous potential to address the challenges of the renewable energy sector and current environmental issues, such as...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Inorganics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/12/2/38 |
| _version_ | 1797297973205401600 |
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| author | Sapna Sinha Karifa Sanfo Panagiotis Dallas Sujay Kumar Kyriakos Porfyrakis |
| author_facet | Sapna Sinha Karifa Sanfo Panagiotis Dallas Sujay Kumar Kyriakos Porfyrakis |
| author_sort | Sapna Sinha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fullerenes have a unique structure, capable of both encapsulating other molecules and reacting with those on the exterior surface. Fullerene derivatives have also been found to have enormous potential to address the challenges of the renewable energy sector and current environmental issues, such as in the production of n-type materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells, as antimicrobial agents, in photocatalytic water treatment processes, and in sensor technologies. Endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular, can possess unpaired electron spins, driven by the enclosed metal atom or cluster, which yield valuable magnetic properties. These properties have significant potential for applications in molecular magnets, spin probes, quantum computing, and devices such as quantum information processing,, atomic clocks, and molecular magnets. However, the intrinsically low yield of endohedral fullerenes remains a huge obstacle, impeding not only their industrial utilization but also the synthesis and characterization essential for exploring novel applications. The low yield and difficulty in separation of different types of endohedral fullerenes results in the usage of a large amount of solvents and energy, which is detrimental to the environment. In this paper, we analyse the methodologies proposed by various researchers and identify the critical synthesis parameters that play a role in increasing the yields of fullerenes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:28:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e1fb943b08874c18af43e43ecbf35bdd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-6740 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:28:06Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Inorganics |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1fb943b08874c18af43e43ecbf35bdd2024-02-23T15:21:17ZengMDPI AGInorganics2304-67402024-01-011223810.3390/inorganics12020038Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge MethodSapna Sinha0Karifa Sanfo1Panagiotis Dallas2Sujay Kumar3Kyriakos Porfyrakis4McGovern Institute and K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, Massachusetts Institute for of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAFaculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UKInstitute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur 842001, Bihar, IndiaFaculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UKFullerenes have a unique structure, capable of both encapsulating other molecules and reacting with those on the exterior surface. Fullerene derivatives have also been found to have enormous potential to address the challenges of the renewable energy sector and current environmental issues, such as in the production of n-type materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells, as antimicrobial agents, in photocatalytic water treatment processes, and in sensor technologies. Endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular, can possess unpaired electron spins, driven by the enclosed metal atom or cluster, which yield valuable magnetic properties. These properties have significant potential for applications in molecular magnets, spin probes, quantum computing, and devices such as quantum information processing,, atomic clocks, and molecular magnets. However, the intrinsically low yield of endohedral fullerenes remains a huge obstacle, impeding not only their industrial utilization but also the synthesis and characterization essential for exploring novel applications. The low yield and difficulty in separation of different types of endohedral fullerenes results in the usage of a large amount of solvents and energy, which is detrimental to the environment. In this paper, we analyse the methodologies proposed by various researchers and identify the critical synthesis parameters that play a role in increasing the yields of fullerenes.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/12/2/38endohedral metallofullerenesEMFsarc dischargebottom-up synthesisin situ doping |
| spellingShingle | Sapna Sinha Karifa Sanfo Panagiotis Dallas Sujay Kumar Kyriakos Porfyrakis Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method Inorganics endohedral metallofullerenes EMFs arc discharge bottom-up synthesis in situ doping |
| title | Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method |
| title_full | Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method |
| title_fullStr | Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method |
| title_short | Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method |
| title_sort | process parameter optimisation for endohedral metallofullerene synthesis via the arc discharge method |
| topic | endohedral metallofullerenes EMFs arc discharge bottom-up synthesis in situ doping |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/12/2/38 |
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