Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production
Abstract Background Shih-Tzu dogs are frequently affected by ocular surface disorders such as corneal ulceration and dry eye disease (DED). The aim of this study was to evaluate ocular surface homeostasis in Shih-Tzu dogs that have adequate aqueous production. Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to eye...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00724-2 |
| _version_ | 1797349816932499456 |
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| author | Rebeca Costa Vitor Jamille Bispo de Carvalho Teixeira Katharine Costa dos Santos Gabriela Mota Sena de Oliveira Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes Anaiá da Paixão Sevá Deusdete Conceição Gomes Junior Jéssica Fontes Veloso Renata Santiago Alberto Carlos |
| author_facet | Rebeca Costa Vitor Jamille Bispo de Carvalho Teixeira Katharine Costa dos Santos Gabriela Mota Sena de Oliveira Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes Anaiá da Paixão Sevá Deusdete Conceição Gomes Junior Jéssica Fontes Veloso Renata Santiago Alberto Carlos |
| author_sort | Rebeca Costa Vitor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Shih-Tzu dogs are frequently affected by ocular surface disorders such as corneal ulceration and dry eye disease (DED). The aim of this study was to evaluate ocular surface homeostasis in Shih-Tzu dogs that have adequate aqueous production. Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to eyelid blink counting, Schirmer tear test (STT-1), ophthalmic evaluation, tear film break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein test and Masmali tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Results Of the 28 animals evaluated, the median value of incomplete eyelid blinks/min (median = 15.0 blinks/min; Interquartil interval - IQR = 8.7 blinks/min − 19.5 blinks/min) was higher than the complete blinks/min (median = 2.5 blinks/min; IQR = 1.6 blinks/min − 4.3 blinks/min), with statistically significant difference. The Schirmer tear test had a median value of 25.0 mm/min (IQR = 22.7 mm/min − 27.5 mm/min), considered within the normal range for the species. On ophthalmic examination, all dogs had trichiasis of the caruncle and medial lower eyelid entropion. Lagophthalmos was the third most common alteration observed (71.4%; 20/28). The median of TBUT was 4.0 s; (IQR = 3.0 – 6.0 s). All the animals were negative to the fluorescein test and the TFT indicated that the majority of the eyes (51.8%; 29/56) were classified in abnormal grades 3 and 4 according to the Masmali tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Conclusions Although the Shith-Tzu dogs had STT-1 values within the normal range for the species there was high prevalence of abnormal TFT grades and low TBUT in all dogs, showing that despite adequate aqueous production, these dogs have poor precorneal tear film quality. In addition, the dogs showed few complete eyelid blinks and ophthalmic alterations, promoting poor tear film diffusion. All these findings, isolated or together, can result in DED. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T12:35:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e1fd6032a17e4bae96d9df09568a322f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1751-0147 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T12:35:55Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1fd6032a17e4bae96d9df09568a322f2024-01-21T12:29:03ZengBMCActa Veterinaria Scandinavica1751-01472024-01-016611710.1186/s13028-024-00724-2Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear productionRebeca Costa Vitor0Jamille Bispo de Carvalho Teixeira1Katharine Costa dos Santos2Gabriela Mota Sena de Oliveira3Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes4Anaiá da Paixão Sevá5Deusdete Conceição Gomes Junior6Jéssica Fontes Veloso7Renata Santiago Alberto Carlos8Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB)Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB)Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Abstract Background Shih-Tzu dogs are frequently affected by ocular surface disorders such as corneal ulceration and dry eye disease (DED). The aim of this study was to evaluate ocular surface homeostasis in Shih-Tzu dogs that have adequate aqueous production. Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to eyelid blink counting, Schirmer tear test (STT-1), ophthalmic evaluation, tear film break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein test and Masmali tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Results Of the 28 animals evaluated, the median value of incomplete eyelid blinks/min (median = 15.0 blinks/min; Interquartil interval - IQR = 8.7 blinks/min − 19.5 blinks/min) was higher than the complete blinks/min (median = 2.5 blinks/min; IQR = 1.6 blinks/min − 4.3 blinks/min), with statistically significant difference. The Schirmer tear test had a median value of 25.0 mm/min (IQR = 22.7 mm/min − 27.5 mm/min), considered within the normal range for the species. On ophthalmic examination, all dogs had trichiasis of the caruncle and medial lower eyelid entropion. Lagophthalmos was the third most common alteration observed (71.4%; 20/28). The median of TBUT was 4.0 s; (IQR = 3.0 – 6.0 s). All the animals were negative to the fluorescein test and the TFT indicated that the majority of the eyes (51.8%; 29/56) were classified in abnormal grades 3 and 4 according to the Masmali tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Conclusions Although the Shith-Tzu dogs had STT-1 values within the normal range for the species there was high prevalence of abnormal TFT grades and low TBUT in all dogs, showing that despite adequate aqueous production, these dogs have poor precorneal tear film quality. In addition, the dogs showed few complete eyelid blinks and ophthalmic alterations, promoting poor tear film diffusion. All these findings, isolated or together, can result in DED.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00724-2Brachycephalic dogsOcular surfaceTear film quality |
| spellingShingle | Rebeca Costa Vitor Jamille Bispo de Carvalho Teixeira Katharine Costa dos Santos Gabriela Mota Sena de Oliveira Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes Anaiá da Paixão Sevá Deusdete Conceição Gomes Junior Jéssica Fontes Veloso Renata Santiago Alberto Carlos Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Brachycephalic dogs Ocular surface Tear film quality |
| title | Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production |
| title_full | Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production |
| title_fullStr | Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production |
| title_short | Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production |
| title_sort | shih tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production |
| topic | Brachycephalic dogs Ocular surface Tear film quality |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00724-2 |
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